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Term	Definition
Aerenchyma	Tissue with large,intercellular, air-filled spaces; e.g., in the petioles of many species of Araceae and in the roots, stems, and leaves of many aquatic plants.
Aerial roots	Adventitious roots of lianas and hemiepiphytes in the forest canopy that ultimately anchor in the ground or some other substrate; e.g., some species of Clusia (Clusiaceae) and Philodendron (Araceae). The aerial roots of some species are split and used to make baskets, furniture, hats and as rope to tie together temporary shelters.
Aerial tuber	A tuber that arises from an aerial root in contrast to a true tuber which arises from underground roots or stems.
Aestivation	The arrangement of the parts of the perianth in the floral bud.
Aggregate fruit	A fruit formed by the coalescence of carpels that were distinct (apocarpous) in flower; e.g., Rubus (blackberry) and Fragaria (strawberry)..
Aguajal	A Spanish name referring to a palm swamp dominated by moriche palms Mauritia flexuosa. Same as morichal in Spanish and burital in Portuguese.
Aguijón, acúleo	Proyección puntiaguda y más o menos cónica del tejido superficial de un tallo; por ejemplo, aquellas localizadas en el tronco y ramas de Ceiba pentandra (Bombacaceae), Jacaratia spinosa (Caricaceae) y la de los tallos de Smilax spp. (Smilacaceae). Comparar con espina
Alate	Refers to a band of tissue running the length of a structure; = winged.
Alate	With a thin, conspicuous ridge running down the length of a structure such as a stem, leaf rachis, ovary, or fruit. Same as winged.
Alien	An animal, plant, or microbe that is introduced or naturally dispersed from one area into to another area. There are two types of alien plants, adentives that cause no apparent economic and ecological harm (e.g., the common mullein) and invasives that cause economic or ecological harm (e.g., the Japanese knotweed).
Allantoid	A solid form sausage-like in outline.
Alternas	Se aplica a las hojas que están dispuestas de manera solitaria en cada nudo en una rama. Comparar con opuestas y verticiladas
Alternate	Referring to leaves and other structures that arise from an axis singly at each node, the leaves can be either simple or compound. Compare with opposite and whorled.
Alternation of generations	Referring to the alternation of the haploid (n) and diploid (2n) generations of plants. In the lower plants (e.g., the bryophytes), the gametophyte generation is the dominant phase and the sporophyte generation depends on it for photosynthate. In contrast, in the higher plants (e.g., the flowering plants) the sporophyte generation is the dominant phase and the gametophyte depends on it for photosynthate.
Ament	A spike with closely congested, often apetalous, unisexual flowers; e.g., staminate inflorescences of species of Betulaceae. Same as catkin. Aments are generally associated with wind pollination.
Amphisarcum (plural = amphisarca)	A simple, indehiscent fruit with the pericarp differentiated externally into a dry crust and internally into one or more fleshy layers.
Amplexicaul (adj. = amplexicaulus)	Clasping the stem as do some stipules and leaf bases.
Amplexicaul (amplexicaulous)	Clasping the stem as do some leaf and stipule bases.
Anadromous	Referring to a venation pattern in which the first vein in a given segment arises on the side of the leaf segment toward the apex.
Androdioecy (androdioecious)	Referring to the sexual condition of a species that bears only staminate flowers on some plants but staminate and pistillate flowers or bisexual flowers on other plants.
Androecial appendages	In the Lecythidaceae, any prolongation from the surface of the androecium; if there are fertile anthers on the appendage they are called a stamens, if there are normal appearing anthers that produce only fodder pollen they are called staminodes, if there are only rudimentary anthers or no anthers at all the appendages they are called vestigial stamens, and if they produce nectar they are called nectar-producing vestigial stamens.
Androecial hood	In the Lecythidaceae, the distal part of the ligule that has become modified either structurally by coiling inward or by the production of staminodes, vestigial stamens, or nectar-producing vestigial stamens. Androecial hoods are usuallly separated from the staminal ring by an appendage-free part of the ligule (the only known exception is Couroupita nicaraguarensis and perhaps a species of the Lecythis sec. Pisonis group not yet identified. Androecial hoods of Lecythidaceae vary according to their degree of structural complexity and the type of androecial appendages they possess.
Androecial hood	In zygomorphic-flowered Lecythidaceae with ligules, the distal part of the ligule that has become modified either by the outgrowth of appendices (= staminodes, vestigial stamens, or nectar-producing vestigial stamens), by an abrupt change in direction of the ligule, or by both. Androecial hoods are usuallly separated from the staminal ring by an appendage-free part of the ligule (the only known exception is Couroupita nicaraguarensis and perhaps a few species of the Lecythis sec. Pisonis group. Androecial hoods of Lecythidaceae vary according to their degree of structural complexity and the type of androecial appendages they possess.
Androecial hood appendages swept inward	A androecial hood type in which appendages arise from an expanded apical or subapical part of the ligule from where they curve into the flower but do not form a coil (e.g., as in species of Eschweilera). The appendices are always more or less fused together at their bases. If the expanded part of the hood is subapical and the ligule extends beyond the thickening, the extension is called the anterior ligular extension. Do not confuse this term with curved appendages (see definition)
Androecial hood double-coiled	The androecial hood is coiled twice inward.
Androecial hood flat	The androecial hood is not curved or coiled inward at all
Androecial hood flat, thick	The androecial hood, as seen in medial longitudinal section, is thickened dorsiventrally.
Androecial hood flat, thin	The androecial hood is not curved or coiled inward and it is not thickened as viewed in a medial longitudinal section.
Androecial hood horizontally oriented (= hood horizontally oriented)	An androecial hood with the first coil oriented at more-or-less 90 degrees to the main axis of the flower.
Androecial hood obliquely oriented (= hood obliquely orientated)	An androecial hood that is oriented at an angle less than 90 degrees to the main axis of the flower.
Androecial hood once-coiled	The androecial hood turns inward once
Androecial hood split	A separation of the androecial hood into a posterior hood extension and an anterior hood extension.
Androecial hood triple-coiled	The androecial hood makes three turns inward
Androecial hood: Bertholletia-type	The Bertholletia-type of androecial hood has appendages that are swept back into the interior of the hood which are called vestigial stamens; these appendages do not have anthers.
Androecial hood: Corythophora alta-type	A thickened hood, bearing staminodes.
Androecial hood: Couratari-type	The androecial hood has an extra external flap found only in species of Couratari.
Androecial hood: Couroupita guianensis-type	In this type of hood, there is an appendage-free area between the staminal ring and the androecial hood proper. The appendages bear normal looking anthers but they contain fodder pollen (=staminodes) and the hood is slightly thickened.
Androecial hood: Couroupita subsessilis-type	This type of androecial hood has three features: 1) an invagination, 2) a notch on the distal end as viewed from above, and 3) staminodes.
Androecial hood: Eschweilera-type	In this type of hood, the interior of the hood forms an inward coil and the vestigial stamens at the end of the coil are nectar-producing.
Androecial hood: Lecythis corrugata-type	In this type of androecial hood, the hood is flat and thickened, there are no appendages with anthers on the hood, and the vestigial stamens are poorly developed.
Androecial hood: Lecythis idatimon-type	The androecial hood is flat and there are only vestigial stamens representing the appendages of the hood.
Androecial hood: Lecythis ollaria-type	This type of androecial hood turns inward but does not form a complete coil, the vestigial stamens are all the same size, and lack anthers; thus, they are called vestigial stamens.
Androecial hood: Lecythis persistens subsp. persistens-type	The androecial hood of this type is flat and the appendages of the hood are with anthers that bear fodder pollen and, thus, are called staminodes
Androecial hood: Lecythis pisonis-type	The androecial hood is separated from the staminal ring, the hood is flat, and there are staminodes proximally and vestigial stamens distally.
Androecium (pl. = androecia)	The male part of the flower.
Androecium (plural = androecia)	The collective term for the staminate structures (i.e., the stamens and staminodes) of a flower; the stamens as a unit.
Androecium actinomorphic	Capable of being divided in more than one plane into two or more equal halves; usually, but not always, used to describe flowers.
Androecium zygomorphic	The prolongation of one side of the androecium of all species of Cariniana, Couroupita, Corythophora, Bertholletia, Couratari, Eschweilera, and Lecythis.
Androgynophore	A stalk that is elevated above the point of perianth attachment and supports the androecium and gynoecium; e.g., species of Passifloraceae.
Andromonoecy (andromonoecious)	Referring to the sexual condition of a species that bears staminate and bisexual flowers on the same plant; in the Mimosaceae, referring to the presence of staminate and pistillate flowers in the same cluster.
Androphore	A stalk elevated above the point of perianth attachment and supporting the stamens; e.g., the united filaments of species of Menispermaceae and Myristicaceae.
Androphore	A stalk elevated above the point of perianth attachment which supports the stamens.
Anemophily (anemophilous)	Pollination by the wind, i.e., the movement of pollen by the from the stamens of a flower to the stigma of another flower. This includes movement for the anther to the stigma of the same flower, from the anther to the stigma of another flower on the same plant, or from the anther of a flower on one plant to the stigma of a flower on another plant. Same as wind pollination.
Aneomochory (nemochorous)	Referring to a fruit or seed adapted for dispersal by wind.
Angiosperm	A flowering plant whose seeds are borne within a fruit derived from a carpel or carpels.
Anisocytic stomata	Referring to a stomatal type in which one of the subsidiary cells surrounding a stomate is smaller than the other epidermal cells.
Anisocytic stomata	Referring to a stomatal type in which one of the subsidiary cells surrounding a stomate is smaller than the other epidermal cells.
Anisophylly (anisophyllous)	With two leaves of a pair differing in shape and/ or size; this is relatively common in species of Melastomataceae..
Annual	Plant with a life cycle of one year or less from seed to maturity and death. Compare with biennial and perennial.
Anomocytic stomata	Referring to a stomatal type in which the subsidiary cells surrounding a stomate are not differentiated from the other epidermal cells.
Anomocytic stomata	Referring to a stomatal type in which the subsidiary cells surrounding a stomate are not differentiated from the other epidermal cells.
Ant dispersal	Referring to the process in which ants carry away diaspores from parent plants thereby effecting dispersal of those plants. The ants are usually attracted to fleshy structures associated with seeds such as elaiosomes.
Antepetalous	Referring to structures, usually stamens, inserted opposite or facing the petals.
Anterior end of flower	The most distal end of the flower but not including inner coils, i.e., the end of a zygomorphic-flowered Lecythidaceae into which a pollinator enters to reap a pollinator reward.
Anterior hood extension	An extension of the ligule beyond the point where the androecial hood splits into two extensions, this extension is the uppermost division of the androecial hood split and extends forward from the split.
Antesepalous	Referring to structures, usually stamens, inserted opposite or facing the sepals.
Anther	The pollen-bearing part of the stamen.
Anther	The pollen-bearing part of the stamen.
Anther connective	The tissue that connects the thecae on one side of an anther to the thecae on the other side.
Anther dehiscence lateral	Referring to the anthers of many flowering plants that open along the side.
Anther dehiscence lateral	Anthers that dehisce by lateral slits.
Anther dehiscence poricidal	Anthers that open (dehisce) and release pollen via a terminal pore.
Anther theca (pl. = thecae)	The chambers of an anther in which the pollen is produced. Same as pollen sac.
Anther versatile	A stamen in which the filament is attached to the anther above the base of the anther.
Antheridium (plural = antheridia)	Referring to a multicellular haploid structure in which sperm is produced in mosses, hepatics, ferns, and relatively few vascular plants.

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