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Term	Definition
Bat dispersal	Referring to diaspores that are carried away from the mother plant by bats. Most bat-dispersed seeds dispersed by bats have either berry-like fruits or fruits with the seeds provided with a fleshy associated structure such as an aril. A few other species have the fruits surrounded by a fleshy perianth (e.g., the diaspores of species of Cecropia). Same as chiropterochory.
Bat-pollination	Same as chiropterophily.
Berry	A usually soft, fleshy or juicy, multiseeded, indehiscent fruit (e.g., Solanum spp., Solanaceae).
Bi-	A prefix meaning “two.”
Biennial	A plant that completes its life cycle in two seasons. Compare with annual and perennial.
Bifid	Cleft into two often more-or-less acute lobes at the apex; for example, the apex of a leaf of Cyclanthus bipartitus.
Bifurcate	Splitting into two equal parts at the apex; forked.
Bifurcate	Once-branched; for example the style of most species of Asteraceae have bifurcate styles. Same as bifid.
Big bang phenology	A flowering strategy in which a plant produces very large numbers of flowers for a very short period of time. See multiple bang and steady state phenology.
Bilaterally symmetrical flower	A flower capable of being divided into only two equal parts (mirror images) by a line passing through the middle of a flower, i.e., other lines passing the middle of the flower will not give mirror images of one another; same as zygomorphic, monosymmetric, and irregular flowers and opposite of actinomorphic, monosymmetric, radially symmetrical, and regular flowers. This term can refer to other plant parts as well.
Bilocular	Having two locules.
Binomial nomenclature	A system used to name plants devised by Linnaeus in 1753 in his Systema Plantarum in which a two-parted name is given to a species of plant, i.e., the genus and the species. For example, Lecythis ollaria L. is a binomial name assigned by Linnaeus to this species.
Biota	The totality of organisms found in a given environment.
Bipinnada	Dos veces pinnada; por ejemplo, las hojas de muchas especies de Fabaceae-Mimosoideae. Ver pinnada
Bipinnate, bipinnately compound	Twice-pinnate; e.g., leaves of many species of Fabaceae-Mimosaceae. See pinnate.
Biseriate perianth	Referring to a perianth with two whorls or rows; i. e. with both calyx and corolla. Compare with uniseriate.
Bisexual flower	Referring to a flower with a functional androecium and a functional gynoecium. Same as perfect.
Bladder	A thin-walled, inflated, small sac found in species of Utricularia. The function of these sacs is to capture very small organisms, such as mosquito larvae, which are decomposed and the nutrients (e.g., nitrogen) released are then assimilated by the plant.
Bladder-like	Sac-like, inflated structures that surrounds seeds some structure, e.g., the fruits of plants such as Staphylea trifolia.
Blade	The expanded part of the leaf supported by the petiole
Blade	The expanded portion of a leaf or other structure such as a petal; when it is a leaf the stalkt is called the petiole and when it is a petal the narrowed part is the claw. Same as lamina.
Blaze	A slanted cut through the bark that reveals charcters useful in field identification of trees.
Bole	In trees, the unbranched portion of the stem. Same as trunk.
Bole	The main stem of a tree between the buttresses and the crown. Compare with trunk.
Bract	A reduced and frequently otherwise differentiated leaf often associated with inflorescences and sometimes subtending a flower.
Bract	A reduced and frequently otherwise differentiated leaf that is often associated with inflorescences and subtends the pedicels of flowers.
Bracteole	A small bract usually inserted on the pedicel.
Bracteole (adj. = bracteolate)	A small bract usually inserted on the pedicel. In the Lecythidaceae bbracteoles usually are in pairs inserted on pedicels.
Bracteoles above articulation	Bracteoles inserted above the articulation in the pedicel/hypanthium continuum of Lecythidaceae.
Bracteoles above articulation	Bracteoles inserted above the bracteoles in the pedicel/hypanthium continuum of Lecythidaceae.
Bracteoles below articulation	Bracteoles inserted below the articulation in the pedicel/hypanthium continuum of Lecythidaceae.
Bracteoles below articulation	Bracteoles inserted below the articulation in the pedicel/hypanthium continuum of Lecythidaceae.
Branch	All divisions of a plant.
Branch	A division of the stem, or other axis of growth of a plant.
Branched inflorescence	An inflorescence with at least two orders of rachises, i.e., the central rachis has branches emanating from it.
Bromeliad	A member of the plant family Bromeliaceae.
Broquidódroma, broquidódromo	Se refiere a un tipo de disposición de los nervios en las hojas, en la que los nervios secundarios no terminan en el margen, sino que antes de llegar al margen éstos se arquean y unen entre sí para formar un nervio submarginal; por ejemplo, en las Myrtaceae. Comparar con camptódroma
Bud	A young shoot from which leaves or flowers may develop, the former is a leaf bud and the latter is a flower bud.
Bud	A young shoot from which leaves or flowers may develop, the former is a leaf bud and the latter is a flower bud.
Bud naked	Referring to a bud that is not covered by bud scales.
Bud scale	A reduced leaf that encloses a bud.
Bud scale	Bracts that subtend either a vegetative or a reproductive bud.
Bulb	A short, underground stem covered by enlarged and fleshy leaf bases, e.g., an onion.
Bulbil	A small bulblike structure that functions in asexual reproduction, usually formed in axils or sinuses of leaves.
Bulblet	A small, short, more-or-less underground stem covered by enlarged and fleshy leaf bases which arises from a bulb, a bublet may eventially grow into a bulb; a bulblike, above ground structure, usually in leaf axils or sometimes in inflorescences.
Bullate	Blistered or bulging up between the higher order veins on the adaxial surface.
Burital	A Portuguese name referring to palm swamps dominated by moriche palms Mauritia flexuosa. Same as aguajal and morichal in Spanish.
Buttress	An outgrowth at the base of a tree trunk thought to support trees when they grown on unstable soil or on steep slopes.
Buzz pollination	A type of pollination in which bees vibrate their indirect flight muscles to cause the release of pollen, usually from poricidal anthers; e.g., in many species of Solanum (Solanaceae).
Caatinga	A Portuguese term referring to a dry, thorn-scrub, deciduous vegetation of northeastern Brazil. Do not confuse eastern Brazilian caatinga with Amazonian caatinga.
Caducous	Falling off early. Same as fugacious.
Caespitose (cespitose)	Growing in dense clumps or tufts; e.g., the growth form of some species of Poaceae and Cyperaceae. The clumps are also called tussocks.
Callus	A thickened part of an organ; e.g., in some Orchidaceae, the fleshy outgrowth of the labellum, or in the Poaceae, the hardened base of the spikelet or floret just above the point of disarticulation.
Calycine rim	Referring to a calyx in which the calyx-lobes are fused at their bases to form a rim that extends beyond the summit of the ovary.
Calycine ring	The scar or vestigal calyx-lobes left around the circumference of the fruit at the points where the calyx-lobes (sepals) were attached.
Calyculus	Rimlike calyx of Loranthaceae or a lower row of phyllaries of Asteraceae that can be distinguished from the remaining phyllaries.
Calyx (plural = calyces)	The outer circle or first whorl of floral parts; a collective term for the sepals.
Calyx-lobe	Similar to sepal but used to describe the lobe of a calyx with the sepals fused at their bases and with free lobes at the apex; less frequenly to describe species of some families that have inferior ovaries with the lower part of the calyx hypothesized to be fused to the ovary at the base but with free lobes departing from the apex of the ovary.
Calyx-lobes	The outermost whorl of floral parts and nearly equivalent to sepals. See the general glossary for definitions of calyx and sepals.
Calyx-lobes imbricate	Overlapping of the adjacent edges of the calyx-lobes or sepals.
Calyx-lobes not imbricate	The base of the sepals do not overlap.
Cambium	The actively dividing tissue located between the xylem and the phloem which produces xylem to the inside and phloem to the outside of the trunk or the stem..
Campanulate	Broadly bell-shaped with a wide mouth; usually used to describe a corolla or the shape of a fruit.
Campanulate fruit	Broadly bell-shaped fruit with a wide mouth.
Campina	A Portuguese term referring to a vegetation type similar to savanna found on white sand soils in the Brazilian Amazon.
Campinarana	A Brazilian name for a low forest growing on white sand which is the first step in plant succession starting with open, white sand areas caused by disturbance, then to campina, followed by campinarana, and finally to terra firme forest.
Campo rupestre	A Portuguese term referring to a rocky kind of savanna, usually at midelevations in Brazil. Species of several plant families; e.g., Asteraceae, Eriocaulaceae, Melastomataceae, Velloziaceae, Xyridaceae, etc., are characteristic of this vegetation.
Camptódroma	Se refiere a un tipo de disposición de los nervios en las hojas, en la que los nervios secundarios no alcanzan el margen y no forman una serie de prominentes arcos submarginales. Comparar con broquidódroma
Canaliculate	A channel or groove that runs the length of a stucture such as a petiole or midrib. Used mostly to describe petioles and midribs.
Canaliculate	A channel or groove that runs the length of a stucture such as a petiole or midrib. Used to describe petioles and midribs.
Canopy tree	A species of tree in which adult individuals occupy the more or less continuous canopy layer of a forest which, in lowland neotropical rainforests, is less than 20 m in height.
Canopy tree layer	A hypothetical layer in tropical rain forest consisting of trees that form a ± continuous layer commonly at a maximum height of about 25–35 meters in the Neotropics.
Capitate	Shaped like a head; having or growing in a head (capitulum).
Capitulum (plural = capitula)	A dense inflorescence of sessile flowers on a dilated receptacle or in a (sub) globose or head-like form; for example, the inflorescences of Asteraceae, some Cyperaceae, Laminaceae, and Rubiaceae.
Capsule	A dry, dehiscent fruit that develops from a syncarpous ovary; it can open in the middle of the locules (loculicidal), along the septa (septicidal), or around the circumference (circumscissile).

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