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Term	Definition
Terminal inflorescence	Referring to an inflorescences that arises from above the leaves
Terminal leaflet	In a pinnately compound leaf, the leaflet at the end of the rachis. Note that pinnately compound leaves with terminal leaflets are imparipinnate ( = odd pinnate).
Terra firme	A Portuguese term referring to land not subject to periodic flooding. Same as tierra firme in Spanish or non-inundated forest in English.
Terra firme	A Portuguese term referring to land not subject to periodic flooding. Same as tierra firme in Spanish or non-inundated forest in English.
Terrestrial	Growing upon the ground, referring to a plant with its root system anchored in the ground.
Tertiary vein	A tertiary vein is the third thickest vein in the leaf. They arise from the secondary veins (Hickey, 1973).
Tertiary venation	The third degree or third smallest veins in a leaf blade, arising from the secondary veins.
Tetrad	A group of four pollen grains.
Tetrad	Referring to pollen grains that remain in groups of four after meiois; in most species of flowering plants the tetrads separate into four monads immediately after meiosis.
Tetradynamous	Having four long stamens and two short stamens; e.g., in Brassicaceae.
Thallus (adj. = thalloid)	A generalized term used to describe the prostrate axis of a plant that is not differentiated into stem, leaf, and root.
Theca (plural = thecae)	The chamber of an anther in which the pollen is produced.
Thorn	A sharp-pointed, aborted branch that is woody and has vascular tissue.
Thrum flower	One of two types of flowers found in some species in which the style is short and the stamens are long. Compare with pin flower; see also heterostyly.
Tierra firme	A Spanish term referring to land not subject to periodic flooding. Same as terra firme in Portuguese.
Tomentose (diminutive = tomentellous)	Densely woolly; with a soft, wool-like pubescence.
Torus	The thickened part of a pedicel from which the flowers or fruits arise. In some accessory fruits, for example the pome and strawberry, the receptacle gives rise to the edible part of the fruit.
Translator (=translator arm)	In the Apocynaceae subfamily Asclepiadoideae and Orchidaceae, the structure connecting the pollinia to the gland. Same as caudicle.
Transverse section	A cut at right angles to the axis of an organ. Same as cross section.
Trap door	A small opening into the bladder of bladderworts (Lentibularia spp.) the function of which is to open and suck prey into the bladder when the trigger hairs (= trigger trichomes) are touched by the prey. The prey are then decomposed and the nutrients released are assimilated by the plant.
Trap line pollination	Movement of a pollinator from the flowers of one plant of a species to the flowers of another plant of the same species on a specific route that is repeated during the same day and on following days as long as the pollinator reward is sufficent to attract the pollinator.
Tree climbing	Because 68% of the plants in lowland rainforests (Mori et al., 2002) are trees or plants (e.g., lianas and epiphytes) that grow along tree trunks or in the crowns of trees) it is essential to be able to climb trees. Botanists have used the following methods to physically climb trees: peconha, French tree climbing spikes called griffes, single pronged spikes usually used to climb wooden telephone poles, the Swiss tree bicyle, and rope climbing. For more information about plant collecting see Tropical Plant Collecting: From the Filed to the Internet. This book can be purchased at: http://tecceditora.com/ or Amazon.com.
Trichilium (plural = trichilia)	A pad of densely clustered trichomes located at the abaxial base of the petiole of some species of Cecropia (Cecropiaceae) and containing Muellerian bodies that are a source of food for ants.
Trichome	A hair-like outgrowth of the epidermis. In botany, trichome is preferred over the use of hair.
Trichome	A hair-like outgrowth of the epidermis. In botany, trichome is preferred over the use of hair.
Trichomes	Any structure arising from the epidermis (surface) of a plant; the equivalent to hairs in an animal.
Trichomes in axillary tufts	Trichomes (the equivalent of hairs in the animal kingdom) usually located in the axils between the midribe and the secondary veins, e.g., in Quercus velutina (black oak).
Tridioecious	Referring to the sexual condition of a species that bears only staminate flowers on some plants, only pistillate flowers on some plants, and staminate plus pistillate flowers or bisexual flowers on other plants.
Trifoliolate	With three leaflets.
Trigger hairs	Extensions placed at the opening (trap door) into the bladder of bladderworts (Utricularia sp.) which, when touched by prey cause the trap door of the bladder to open causing the prey to be sucked into into the bladder. The prey is decomposed and its nutrients, such as nitrogen, are assimilated by the plant.
Trimonoecy (trimonoecious)	Referring to the sexual condition of a species that bears staminate, pistillate, and bisexual flowers on the same plant. Same as polygamomonoecious.
Tristyly (tristylous)	The condition in which three different style lengths and corresponding stamen lengths are found in the same species, the flower morphs are short styled, intermediate styled, and long styled.
Truncate	Referring to an apex or base of a two dimensional structure, such as a leaf, bract, or petal, that terminates abruptly in a nearly straight horizontal edge.
Truncate fruit base	An ovary or a fruit which abruptly turns inward from the calycine rim to the pedicel/hypanthium. Same as infracalycine zone truncate.
Trunk	The main stem of a tree, including buttresses, prop roots, etc. Compare with bole.
Trunk	In trees, the unbranched portion of the plane, i.e., the first order of branching. Same as bole.
Trunk buttressed	An outgrowth at the base of a tree trunk that does not completely surround the tree.
Trunk cylindrical	A trunk that is in the form of a cylinder all of the way to the ground.
Trunk swollen	A trunk that is expanded all around the base without forming distinct buttresses.
Tuber	An underground, swollen part of a stem or a root that functions in food storage.
Tubercle	The modified and persistent style base of some Cyperaceae.
Tuberculate	Covered with pointed warty outgrowths; e.g., the fruit of Canna indica (Cannaceae).
Tuberculate hypanthium	Refers to a hypanthiuim covered with warty, pointed outgrowths.
Tubo corolino	Es la parte inferior de una corola gamopétala, donde los pétalos están fusionados
Turbinate	Obconical or top-shaped.
Turion	A bud or shoot characteristic of aquatic plants that enables them to overwinter.
Tussock	A dense clump or tuft of herbaceous stems formed by some species of grasses (Poaceae) and sedges (Cyperaceae).
Twig	A small branch of a tree to which the leaves are attached, i.e., the ultimate, leaf-bearing branch.
Twig	A branch of a tree of Lecythidaceae to which the leaves are attached, i.e., the ultimate, leaf-bearing branch.
Two-ranked	Referring to structures that are arranged in two rows; usually referring to the way in which leaves or bracts are inserted on an axis. Same as distichous.
Type	"A nomenclatural type (typus) is that element to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached, whether as the correct name or as a synonym. The nomenclatural type is not necessarily the most typical or representative element of a taxon." This quotation is from the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) 2018. The ICN (or Code) is updated every six years based on proposals approved at the International Botanical Congress which meets at different places in the world. The latest Code is available online here: https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php
Type specimen	A specimen chosen to represent a species and is cited as such in the publication in which the species is described. There are different types of types, e.g. see holotype, isotype, syntype. The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants now requires that one specimen be designated as the holotype.
Umbel	A convex- or flat-topped inflorescence with all pedicels arising from the same point.
Umbela	Una inflorescencia distalmente convexa, cuyos pedicelos salen de un mismo punto de inserción. Las umbelas compuestas son típicas de las Apiaceae y algunas especies de Araliaceae y Smilacaceae
Umbell	A convex- or flat-topped inflorescence with all pedicels arising from the same point.
Umbo	A relatively small protrusion usually in the middle of a structure; e.g., the operculum of a fruit.
Umbonate	Referring to a structure, such as a fruit apex, that possesses an umbo.
Unbranched inflorescence	An inflorescence with a single rachis.
Uncinate	Hooked at the apex.
Uncinate	Hooked at the apex, usually refers to stiff trichomes that stick in the fur or clothing of animals to facilitate seed dispersal.
Understory tree	A tree growing in a hypothetical stratum in the forest consisting of the crowns of trees found below the canopy and usually less than 20–25 meters tall at maturity.
Understory tree	A species of tree in which adult individuals do not reach the more-or-less continuous canopy tree layer of a forest.
Undulation (adj. = undulate)	Wavy, usually referring to the margin of a structure such as a leaf.
Unguiculate	Referring to a structure, such as a petal, the is abuptly constricted toward the base (having a claw). Same as clawed.
Uni-	A prefix meaning one.
Unicate collection	Referring to a collection number that is represented by a single herbarium specimen. Unicate collections are made when additional collections are not available, when a plant is rare and permission has been obtained to make a collection that does not adversely impact the population from which it is collected, or when a species is so well known that the only reason for collecting it is to document its presence in a specific locality. For more information about plant collecting see Tropical Plant Collecting: From the Field to the Internet. This book can be purchased at: http://tecceditora.com/ or Amazon.com.
Unilaterally winged seed	Referring to a seed wing that arise from one side.
Uniseriate perianth	Referring to a perianth with a single whorl composed of either the calyx or the corolla; e.g., the perianth of Nyctaginaceae and Thymelaeaceae.
Unisexual flower	Referring to a flower with either functional stamens or functional gynoecia but not both. Same as imperfect flower.
Unitegmic ovule	An ovule with one integument.
Upper septum	In neotropical Lecythidaceae, the part of a wall-like partition of a locule located above an articulation (often only seen as a thin line), as seen in longitudinal section, that divides the septum into a lower part and an upper part.
Urceolate	Shaped like an urn, same as urn-shaped.
Urn-shaped	Shaped like a vase that is wide at the base and narrower at the apex. Same as urceolate.
Urticating trichomes	Trichomes that cause itching or burning sensations such as in some species of Euphorbiaceae and Urticaceae; sometimes called urticating hairs but urticating trichomes is preferred because it limits the term to plants. Urticating trichomes are thought to protect the plant from predators.
Valva	Cada uno de los segmentos de un fruto dehiscente que hipotéticamente representa a un carpelo del ovario

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