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Term	Definition
Suprafoliar inflorescence	Referring to an inflorescences that arises from above the leaves.
Suprafolilar	Referring to a structure that occurs above the leaves
Suture	A line of fusion (e.g., the valves of the carpels of an ovary) or a line of dehiscence (e.g., the lines along which anthers or fruits open).
Syconium (plural = syconia)	A hollow, fruitlike receptacle lined by tiny achenes, the characteristic inflorescence of figs (Ficus spp., Moraceae). Also called figs.
Symbiosis (symbiotic)	Referring to two organisms that live together in what can be beneficial to both organisms (mutualism) or beneficial to one and harmful to the other (e.g., parasitism).
Symbiotic	Referring to two different organisms living together in close association and benefiting from that association; e.g., mycorhizzal associations between fungi and plants are symbiotic as well as are ants living in the domatia of Tococa guianensis.
Symmetric	Referring to a structure that can be divided into mirror-image halves. This and its associated terms are usually, but not exclusively, applied to flowers. Opposite of asymmetric; compare with actinomorphic and zygomorphic.
Sympetalous corolla	Having petals united for at least part of their length. Same as gamopetalous; opposite of polypetalous and choripetalous.
Sympodial growth	Referring to a branching pattern in which the terminal bud ceases to grow and growth is continued from a lateral bud; e.g., in most arborescent Combretaceae and some orchids. Sympodial growth often gives a zig-zag appearence to the stem or branches.
Synandry (synandrous)	Having united anthers.
Syngynesious anthers	Anthers cohering in a ring; e.g., in the Asteraceae.
Synonym (adj. = synonymous)	A plant name that represents the same species of another name that is valid, e.g., Lecythis minor Jacq. was published in 1763 and subsequently Lecythis elliptica Kunth was published in 1825. By the law of priority, Lecythis elliptica is a synonym of Lecythis minor.
Synsepalous calyx	Having sepals united for at least part of their length. Same as gamosepalous.
Tack-shaped	The form of an operculum that possesses a woody extension from the middle of its interior. The opeculum and its extension appear like a large tack.
Tahuampa	A Spanish term referring to forest growing in areas periodically indundated by alkaline, café au lait-colored water (also called white water).
Taproot	A large primary root, markedly larger than other roots arising from it, that may persist in adult plants and is characteristic of dicots. Compare with fibrous roots.
Taxon (plural = taxa)	A taxonomic unit regardless of rank, such as family, genus, or species.
Tendril	Coiled or spring-like extensions of a stem, stipules, leaves, part of a leaf, inflorescence that assist in climbing into shrubs and trees. Common iin Bignoniaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Passifloraceae, Sapindaceae, Vitaceae, and other plant families.
Tendril at right angle	Referring to a tendrial that arises at a right angle to the leaf, e.g., species of Cucurbitaceae.
Tendril axillary	A tendril that arise in the axil of a leaf blade, e.g., species of Passiflora.
Tendril leaf opposed	A tendril that arises opposite the insertion of a leaf; for example, Parthenocissus quinquefolia and many othe species of Vitaceae.
Tepal	A uniseriate perianth in which it can not be determined if the segments are sepals or petals, e.g., the segments of the perianth of a tulip.
Tepui	A Spanish term referring to the flat-topped mountains of Venezuela, Colombia, Guyana, and Suriname that are dominated by a highly endemic flora.
Terete	Circular in transverse section.
Terminal bud	A bud that terminates the end of a stem or a twig.
Terminal inflorescence	Referring to an inflorescences that arises from above the leaves
Terminal leaflet	In a pinnately compound leaf, the leaflet at the end of the rachis. Note that pinnately compound leaves with terminal leaflets are imparipinnate ( = odd pinnate).
Terra firme	A Portuguese term referring to land not subject to periodic flooding. Same as tierra firme in Spanish or non-inundated forest in English.
Terra firme	A Portuguese term referring to land not subject to periodic flooding. Same as tierra firme in Spanish or non-inundated forest in English.
Terrestrial	Growing upon the ground, referring to a plant with its root system anchored in the ground.
Tertiary vein	A tertiary vein is the third thickest vein in the leaf. They arise from the secondary veins (Hickey, 1973).
Tertiary venation	The third degree or third smallest veins in a leaf blade, arising from the secondary veins.
Tetrad	A group of four pollen grains.
Tetrad	Referring to pollen grains that remain in groups of four after meiois; in most species of flowering plants the tetrads separate into four monads immediately after meiosis.
Tetradynamous	Having four long stamens and two short stamens; e.g., in Brassicaceae.
Thallus (adj. = thalloid)	A generalized term used to describe the prostrate axis of a plant that is not differentiated into stem, leaf, and root.
Theca (plural = thecae)	The chamber of an anther in which the pollen is produced.
Thorn	A sharp-pointed, aborted branch that is woody and has vascular tissue.
Thrum flower	One of two types of flowers found in some species in which the style is short and the stamens are long. Compare with pin flower; see also heterostyly.
Tierra firme	A Spanish term referring to land not subject to periodic flooding. Same as terra firme in Portuguese.
Tomentose (diminutive = tomentellous)	Densely woolly; with a soft, wool-like pubescence.
Torus	The thickened part of a pedicel from which the flowers or fruits arise. In some accessory fruits, for example the pome and strawberry, the receptacle gives rise to the edible part of the fruit.
Translator (=translator arm)	In the Apocynaceae subfamily Asclepiadoideae and Orchidaceae, the structure connecting the pollinia to the gland. Same as caudicle.
Transverse section	A cut at right angles to the axis of an organ. Same as cross section.
Trap door	A small opening into the bladder of bladderworts (Lentibularia spp.) the function of which is to open and suck prey into the bladder when the trigger hairs (= trigger trichomes) are touched by the prey. The prey are then decomposed and the nutrients released are assimilated by the plant.
Trap line pollination	Movement of a pollinator from the flowers of one plant of a species to the flowers of another plant of the same species on a specific route that is repeated during the same day and on following days as long as the pollinator reward is sufficent to attract the pollinator.
Tree climbing	Because 68% of the plants in lowland rainforests (Mori et al., 2002) are trees or plants (e.g., lianas and epiphytes) that grow along tree trunks or in the crowns of trees) it is essential to be able to climb trees. Botanists have used the following methods to physically climb trees: peconha, French tree climbing spikes called griffes, single pronged spikes usually used to climb wooden telephone poles, the Swiss tree bicyle, and rope climbing. For more information about plant collecting see Tropical Plant Collecting: From the Filed to the Internet. This book can be purchased at: http://tecceditora.com/ or Amazon.com.
Trichilium (plural = trichilia)	A pad of densely clustered trichomes located at the abaxial base of the petiole of some species of Cecropia (Cecropiaceae) and containing Muellerian bodies that are a source of food for ants.
Trichome	A hair-like outgrowth of the epidermis. In botany, trichome is preferred over the use of hair.
Trichome	A hair-like outgrowth of the epidermis. In botany, trichome is preferred over the use of hair.
Trichomes	Any structure arising from the epidermis (surface) of a plant; the equivalent to hairs in an animal.
Trichomes in axillary tufts	Trichomes (the equivalent of hairs in the animal kingdom) usually located in the axils between the midribe and the secondary veins, e.g., in Quercus velutina (black oak).
Tridioecious	Referring to the sexual condition of a species that bears only staminate flowers on some plants, only pistillate flowers on some plants, and staminate plus pistillate flowers or bisexual flowers on other plants.
Trifoliolate	With three leaflets.
Trigger hairs	Extensions placed at the opening (trap door) into the bladder of bladderworts (Utricularia sp.) which, when touched by prey cause the trap door of the bladder to open causing the prey to be sucked into into the bladder. The prey is decomposed and its nutrients, such as nitrogen, are assimilated by the plant.
Trimonoecy (trimonoecious)	Referring to the sexual condition of a species that bears staminate, pistillate, and bisexual flowers on the same plant. Same as polygamomonoecious.
Tristyly (tristylous)	The condition in which three different style lengths and corresponding stamen lengths are found in the same species, the flower morphs are short styled, intermediate styled, and long styled.
Truncate	Referring to an apex or base of a two dimensional structure, such as a leaf, bract, or petal, that terminates abruptly in a nearly straight horizontal edge.
Truncate fruit base	An ovary or a fruit which abruptly turns inward from the calycine rim to the pedicel/hypanthium. Same as infracalycine zone truncate.
Trunk	The main stem of a tree, including buttresses, prop roots, etc. Compare with bole.
Trunk	In trees, the unbranched portion of the plane, i.e., the first order of branching. Same as bole.
Trunk buttressed	An outgrowth at the base of a tree trunk that does not completely surround the tree.
Trunk cylindrical	A trunk that is in the form of a cylinder all of the way to the ground.
Trunk swollen	A trunk that is expanded all around the base without forming distinct buttresses.
Tuber	An underground, swollen part of a stem or a root that functions in food storage.
Tubercle	The modified and persistent style base of some Cyperaceae.
Tuberculate	Covered with pointed warty outgrowths; e.g., the fruit of Canna indica (Cannaceae).
Tuberculate hypanthium	Refers to a hypanthiuim covered with warty, pointed outgrowths.
Tubo corolino	Es la parte inferior de una corola gamopétala, donde los pétalos están fusionados
Turbinate	Obconical or top-shaped.
Turion	A bud or shoot characteristic of aquatic plants that enables them to overwinter.
Tussock	A dense clump or tuft of herbaceous stems formed by some species of grasses (Poaceae) and sedges (Cyperaceae).
Twig	A small branch of a tree to which the leaves are attached, i.e., the ultimate, leaf-bearing branch.
Twig	A branch of a tree of Lecythidaceae to which the leaves are attached, i.e., the ultimate, leaf-bearing branch.
Two-ranked	Referring to structures that are arranged in two rows; usually referring to the way in which leaves or bracts are inserted on an axis. Same as distichous.

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