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Term	Definition
Stem hollow	Referring to a stem that does not have tissue in the center, e.g., the hollow stems of grasses.
Stem solid	Referring to a stem that has tissue in the middle, i.e., the cortex is solid.
Stemonozone	In the Mimosaceae, a tube formed by the adnation of the corolla and filaments.
Stenopalynous	Referring to plant taxa characterized by only slight variation in pollen forms; e.g., Gunneraceae.
Sterile hybrid	A hybrid that does not produce viable seeds.
Stick-tight	A fruit or seed that adheres to substrates such as fur or clothing.
Sticktight	A plant diaspore (e.g., an entire fruit, a fruit surrounded by calyx, a seed, etc.) that attaches by barbs or hoos to and is dispersed by an animal. Sticktights are often associated with weedy habitats and frequently attach to the clothing of humans. See "pega-pega" for Spanish translation.
Stigma	The apex of the style and the place where the pollen is carried to by pollination agents. The pollen grains germinate on the stigma and grow down the style to the ovule where a sperm from a pollen grain fertilizes an egg in an ovule.
Stigma	The part of the gynoecium receptive to pollen usually located at the summit of the style.
Stigma convoluted	A stigma that appears to coiled or twisted.
Stigma lined	Lines found on the stigmas of at least some species of Gustavia and Grias. In this type of stigma shape the lines are clearly separated from other parts of the ovary.
Stigma lobed	A stigma divided into separate parts.
Stigma punctiform	A stigma that is neither lobed or displays stigmatic lines.
Stigma surface lepidote	A stigma with minute scales over its surface.
Stigma surface pubescent	A stigma with septate trichomes covering what appears to be the receptive part of the stigma.
Stilt roots	Aerial, woody, adventitious roots that are circular in transverse section. Stilt roots are not densely aggregated so light can be seen between the individual stilt roots; e.g., in Socratea exorrhiza (Arecaceae).
Stipe	Referring to the stalk of a fern frond, the equivalent of a petiole in the flowering plants.
Stipe (stipitate)	The term stipe has several different meanings: 1) in Arecaceae (palms) it is used to indicate the presence of a trunk, 2) in some Orchidaceae, a stipe is a nonsticky, elastic tissue derived from the column and connecting the pollinia to the viscidium; 3) a stalk supporting the ovary but generally much shorter than the stalk of a species with a gynophore; and 4) the stalk of a fern frond, the equivalent of a petiole in the flowering plants. A species or structure that has a stipe is said to be stipitate.
Stipel (stipellate)	A small stipule at the base of leaflets and not at the base of the leaf as is the case with a true stipule, e.g., species of Andira; stipels are only found in compound leaves and a leaf that bears them is referred to as a stipellate leaf.
Stipulate	Possessing stipules.
Stipule	A reduced leaflike or bractlike appendage, either solitary or paired, inserted at the base of the petiole and variable in morphology.
Stipule	A reduced leaflike or bractlike appendage, either solitary or paired, inserted at the base of the petiole and variable in morphology.
Stipule cap	In some Rubiaceae (e.g., Duroia), the structure formed by the fusion of the stipules; it covers the apical buds and usually falls off as soon as the bud develops.
Stipule persistence	In the Rubiaceae, the persistency of the stipules provides a useful character for identifying genera and subgenera. Readily caducous stipules are present only when the leaves are in bud; caducous stipules are present during leaf development but fall before the leaves fall; and persistent stipules are still present after the leaves of their node fall.
Stipule scar	Referring to the scars left on the stem after the stipules have fallen. Because many stipules are caducous, one has to look carefully for scars to determine if stipules were present at an earlier stage of development.
Stolon (stoloniferous)	A horizontal stem that is located above the ground and usually produces adventitious roots and vertical stems at the nodes. Stoloniferous refers to a plant that bears stolons.
Stomatal crypt	A pit, usually on the abaxial leaf surface, in which the stomates of some species occur.
Stomatal crypt	A pit, usually on the abaxial leaf blade surface, in which the stomates of nearly all species of occur.
Stomate (pl. = stomates) (= stoma sing. and stomata pl.)	A small opening, usually in the abaxial surface of leaves, through which gases utilized and produced in photosynthesis pass into and out of the leaves.
Stomate (plural = stomates) (= stoma and stomata)	A small opening, usually in the abaxial surface of leaves, through which gases utilized and produced in photosynthesis pass into and out of the leaves.
Stomatochorous	A type of primary dispersal in which the diaspore is deliberately carried away by animals in their mouths and dropped with viable seeds after the edible parts are consumed.
Stone	The nut or nutlet in a drupe; i.e., the hardened part of a drupe or a duplet (= endocarp) containing a single seed. In non-scientific language it is called the pit.
Stone cell	A short, roughly isodiametric sclereid.
Stramineous	Strawlike or straw-colored.
Strangler	A plant that grows upon another plant in such a way that its roots surround the host and eventually cause it to die; e.g., in some species of Ficus (Moraceae). A strangler can become a free-standing tree after the host plant dies.
Strap-like	Referring to a structure, such as a leaf, that is long and flat. Same as lorate.
Stratification	Referring to the formation of layers in a forest, i.e., the herbaceous, shrub, understory tree, canopy tree, and emergent tree strata or layers.
Striation	A fine longitudinal line, ridge, or groove.
Striation (striate)	A fine line, ridge, groove, or streaks of color, an organ with striations is said to be striations.
Strigose (diminutive = strigulose)	With sharp, stiff, often basally swollen, appressed, straight hairs.
Strobiliform	Resembling a strobilus, often referring to an inflorescence.
Strophiole	A seed appendage located near the hilum or raphe. Compare with caruncle.
Strophiole	An outgrowth of the seed coat near the hilum. Same as caruncle.
Stylar canal	A hollow channel that runs from the stigma for most of the length of the style which is thought to faciltate the growth of pollen tubes to the ovary, the ovules, and eventually the egg.
Stylar collar	An annular expansion on the style; e.g., in some species of Melastomataceae and Lecythis zabucajo (Lecythidaceae).
Stylar collar	A ring-like expansion encircling the style just below the stigma.
Style	The part of the gynoecium between the ovary and the stigma. A style is not always present.
Style	The part of the gynoecium between the summit of the ovary and the stigma.
Style erect	A style that does not bend or slants away from the vertical axis of the ovary.
Style geniculate	A well-defined style that is abruptly bent like a flexed knee.
Style head	The expanded distal part of the style, including the stigma, in some species of Apocynaceae. Same as clavuncle.
Style oblique	Slanting from the verticle.
Style umbonate	Same as ovary summit umbonate.
Styloid	Slender and pointed, needlelike.
Stylopodium	An enlargement at the base of the style as in some species of Apiaceae and Lamiaceae.
Sub-	A prefix meaning “below,” “less than,” or “subordinate.”
Subclass	A unit of classification, a subdivision of a class; e.g., the Magnoliidae and Asteridae are two of the six subclasses of the class Magnoliopsida, according to the system of Cronquist (1981).
Submerged	A structure, such as a vein, emeshed in the tissue in which it occurs to such an extent that it is not visibile; usually referring to leaf veins that are not visible and not projecting above the surface of the leaf blade.
Suborbiculate	A suborbiculate shape is widest at the middle and possesses a length to width ratio of greater than 1.2:1 to 1.5:1. Based on Hickey (1973). For more information about leaf morphology and leaf architecture see Ellis et al. (2009).
Subshrub	A plant that is intermediate between a herb and a shrub and slightly woody only at the base; a perennial plant woody only at the base. Same as suffrutex.
Subsidiary cells	Epidermal cells that surround stomates and are different in shape, size, or position from other epidermal cells.
Subsidiary cells	Epidermal cells that surround stomates and are different in shape, size, or position from other epidermal cells.
Subspecies (abbreviated subsp. or ssp.)	A taxonomic rank just below species and above variety; e.g., Heliconia acuminata subsp. acuminate (Heliconiaceae). Same as ssp.
Subsuperior ovary	A type of inferior ovary in which the sepals, petals, and stamens do not arise clearly from the apex but instead appear to arise from lower down on the ovary.
Subulate	Awl-shaped.
Succulent	Fleshy and juicy, many species of Cactaceae and some species of Euphorbiaceae are succulent.
Sucker	A secondary shoot arising from the base of a tree or shrub or from the bases of many monocots. Same as sprout which is the prefered term.
Suffrutescent	Adjectival form of suffrutex.
Suffrutex (plural = suffrutices)	A plant that is intermediate between a herb and a shrub and slightly woody only at the base; a perennial plant woody only at the base. Same as subshrub.
Sulcado	Surcado o con hendiduras; por ejemplo, el tronco de algunas especies de Aspidosperma (Apocynaceae). Equivalente a acanalado. A una escala menor, se podría referir a los surcos del hipantio de una flor, como a aquellos dispuestos verticalmente, abajo de entre los lóbulos del cáliz de Lecythis mesophylla
Sulcate	Furrowed or grooved.
Sulcate	Furrowed or grooved; e.g., the trunk of some species of Aspidosperma (Apocynaceae). On a larger scale same as fluted. On a smaller scale, it may refer to groves of the seed of Elaeagnus bullatum or those extend downward from between the calyx-lobes of Lecythis mesophylla.
Sulcate hypanthium	Refers to a hypanthium that is furrowed or grooved.
Sulcus (plural = sulci)	A furrow or groove.
Superior ovary	An ovary of a hypogynous or perigynous flower in which the sepals, petals, and stamens arise from beneath or around the ovary (= hypogynous) or from the rim of a hypanthium (=perigynous).

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