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Term	Definition
Family	Referring to a level of taxonomic classification between genus and order, i.e., a family is made up of genera and an order is made up of families; family names end in -aceae (Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, etc.)
Fanerocotilar	Tipo de germinación de una semilla en la que los cotiledones emergen de la cubierta. Comparar con criptocotilar.
Farinaceous	Containing starch or starchlike substances.
Farinose	With a mealy appearance.
Fasciation (adj. = fasciated)	A growth form in which parts of stems, rachises, or flowers of a plant fuse together to form flattened, anomolous forms.
Fascicle (Fasciculate)	Arranged in a tight bundle or cluster
Fascicle (fasciculate)	A tight cluster or bundle of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, or other structures arising from the same point; for example, the inflorescences of Grias cauliflora are fasiculate.
Fascículo	Un denso grupo de flores, hojas, tallos, raíces u otras estructuras que nacen o se originan de un mismo punto común y sin un eje central que las soporte; por ejemplo, las inflorescencias de Grias cauliflora (Lecythidaceae)
Faucal appendages	Scalelike structures located in the throat of the corolla of species of Boraginaceae subfamily Boraginoideae.
Félem	Capa de células suberizadas producidas hacia el exterior por el cambium del corcho.
Felodermis	Capa de parénquima producida hacia el interior por el cambium del corcho.
Female flower	Referring to unisexual flowers with functional gynoecia but without functional stamens (staminodes may be present). Same as staminate flower.
Fenestrate	Pierced with holes; e.g., the trunk of Minquartia guianensis (Olacaceae) or leaves of Monstera spp. (Araceae).
Fenología de cornucopia	Estrategia de floración en la que una inflorescencia produce abundantes flores cada día, este proceso tiene una duración relativamente larga, que va desde desde pocas semanas hasta más de un mes.
Fern life cycle	Referring to the alternation of generations between the gameophyte (haploid) and sporophyte (diploid) stages of a fern. The most conspicuous stage of the life cycle is the sporophyte generation whereas the gametophyte generation is small and inconspicuous.
Ferruginous	Rust-colored, often referring to the color of the pubescence.
Fertilization	In botany, the union between a sperm cell released by a pollen grain and an egg cell in an ovule of a flower. This union results in the development of the embryo within a seed.
Festoon (adj. festooned)	A type of leaf venation in which the secondary veins do not terminate at the margin but join to form a series of prominent arches that form a submarginal nerve and, in addtion, the secondary veins possess closed loops toward their apices. Based on Hickey, 1973. For more information about leaf venation see Ellis et al, 2009.
Fetid (foetid)	Bad smelling.
Few	In botanical descriptions, meaning 10 or fewer in number.
Fiber	An elongated, usually tapering, sclerenchyma cell found in wood.
Fibrous roots	A root system characteristic of monocots in which all of the branches are approximately equal in diameter. Compare with taproot.
Field notebook	A notebook in which the data to be used for making plant labels are recorded. Today, the principal purpose of a field notebook is for providing the data for entering into a database. The labels are then generated directly from the database. A field notebook serves as a permanent record of the collections a collector makes throughout his or her career. The authors prefer a notebook that resists rain such as the "Rite in the Rain" all-weather Jounal, No. 390F." For more information about plant collecting see Tropical Plant Collecting: From the Filed to the Internet. This book can be purchased at: http://tecceditora.com/ or Amazon.com.
Field press	A portable plant press used to hold collections shortly after they have been collected and for the rest of the time a collector is igatjhering specimens. The specimens are numbered and described in the field book, arranged between newspapers, the newspapers are numbered with the number listed in the field book, and then placed in the field press until they are ready to be placed in the drying press. A field press can be as simple as two end boards tied together with two ropes, but the authors prefer more sophisticated presses that keep the specimens dry if it rains and one that can be easily closed with velco straps. For more information about plant collecting see Tropical Plant Collecting: From the Filed to the Internet. This book can be purchased at: http://tecceditora.com/ or Amazon.com.
Fig	A hollow, fruitlike receptacle lined by tiny achenes, the characteristic inflorescence of figs (Ficus spp., Moraceae). Also called a syconium.
Filament	The stalk of the stamen terminated by the anther; in Orchidaceae, the sterile portion of the stamen forming part of the column.
Filament stalk	A constricted area at the apex of the filament to which the anther is attached.
Filamento	En un estambre, es el pedículo que sostiene a la antera
Filaments angular	Filaments with cross sections angular in outline.
Filaments arched	Filaments that depart from the rim of a staminal tube and arch inward.
Filaments clavate	Club-shaped, i.e., the filaments are unidimensional toward the base and then abruptly expanded in diameter toward the apex.
Filaments curved	Filaments that arise from the staminal ring of zygomorphic-flowered Lecythidaceae and curve inward.
Filaments golf club-shaped.	A filament that is unidimensional for the lower third of the length and enlarged and shaped like the head of an old fashioned golf club driver.
Filaments reflexed	Filaments that arise from the inside of a staminal tube that abruptly turn downward as found in all species of Allantoma and Grias.
Filaments sigmoid-shaped	Refers to filaments that are S-shaped to a more-or-less degree.
Filaments straight	Filaments that do not deviate in direction throughout their length, i.e., they do not form an arch or do not turn abruptly downward. This type is less frequentyl called filament erect.
Filaments tapered	A filament that arises from the staminal ring and gradually increases in diameter from the base to the apex.
Filaments terete	Filaments with cross sections circular in outline.
Filaments unidimensional	Filaments that are the same diameter throughout their length.
Filiform	Threadlike or very slender.
Fimbriate	Fringed on the margin with trichomes coarser than those of a ciliate margin.
Flabellate (flabelliform)	Fan-shaped; i.e., broadly wedge-shaped.
Flag	The upper, broad petal of Fabaceae. Same as banner, standard, and flag with standard the preferred term.
Flagellate (flagelliform)	Whiplike.
Flagelliflorous	A plant with a whiplike inflorescence that usually hangs below the crown.
Flap externo	En las Lecythidaceae, es una estructura que se extiende hacia el exterior desde la parte interna enrollada de la capucha del androceo y la cubre, al menos parcialmente. Esta estructura está bien desarrollada solamente en las especies de Couratari, aunque también está presente, aunque no desarrollado, en algunas especies de Eschweilera (e.g., Eschweilera cyathiformis y E. ovalifolia)
Flexuous	Bent alternately in opposite directions.
Floating aquatic plant	A plant that occurs on the surface of a lake or pond without attachment by roots to the soil at the bottom of the lake or pond upon which it grows.
Floccose (diminutive = flocculose)	Covered with tufts of wool-like hairs that often rub off easily.
Flor asimétrica	Ver zigomorfa, irregular.
Flor bilateralmente simétrica	Ver actinomorfa.
Flor bisexual	Se aplica a la flor en la que ambos órganos sexuales, estambres y ovario(s), funcionan fisiológicamente. Lo mismo que perfecta.
Flor completa	Se refiere a una flor que posee todos los verticilos o partes florales: Cáliz, corola, estambres y gineceo. Comparar con flor incompleta.
Flor imperfecta	Ver flor unisexual.
Flor incompleta	Se refiere a una flor que no posee todos los verticilos o partes florales: Cáliz, corola, estambres y gineceo. Comparar con flor completa.
Flor perfecta	Ver flor bisexual.
Flor simétrica	Ver actinomorfa, regular.
Flor solitaria	Se aplica cuando la inflorescencia está constituida por una sola flor.
Flor unisexual	Se aplica a la flor en la que sólo un órgano sexual es funcional, ya sean los estambres o el(los) ovario(s), pero no ambos. Lo mismo que imperfecta.
Flora	A book in which all of the species of a given group of plants for a given geographic area are described and illustrated to some extent. In addition, dichotomous keys used for indentification are provided.
Floral aromas	Aromas emitted by plants to attract pollinators. These aromas can be extracted from plants by enclosing the flowers in bags or glass globes and then pumping the air from around the flowers through a tube with adsorbents. The samples are passed though a Gas Chromatograph and the chemical composition of the aromas of different flowers are identified by comparing the samples with a database of known compounds (Knudsen & Mori, 1996). There is a correlation between different floral aromas and the pollinators that visit the flowers.
Floral cavity	A minute cavity on the dorsal side of Wolfia and Wolfiella (Lemnaceae) in which flowers are produced; note that vegetative buds are not produced in this cavity.
Floral tube	A tube formed by the fusion of sepals, petals, or both, or as an outgrowth of the hypanthium. Nectar often accumulates within the floral tube.
Floret	In the Poaceae, the term includes the lemma and palea as well as the enclosed flower; sometimes used to refer to the flowers of Asteraceae.
Flower bisexual	A flower with a functional androecium (the male part of the flower and all parts derived from it) and a functional gynoecium (the female part of the flower).
Flower oxidizes bluish-green	When the flower is bruised, the color at the point of the bruise turns bluish-green.
Flowering associated with leaf flush	A phenological strategy in which a tree drops its leaves, flowers when the canopy is leafless or partially leafless, and flushes new leaves after flowering or flowers at about the same time that new leaves are flushed; i.e., there is some association between flowering and leaf fall and flush.
Flowering not associated with leaf flush	A phenological strategy in which there is no apparent relationship between leaf drop, leaf flush, and flowering.
Flowering plant	A plant whose seeds are borne within a fruit derived from a carpel or carpels.
Flowering plant life cycle	Referring to the alternation of generations between the gameophyte (haploid) and sporophyte (diploid) stages of a floweirng plant. The most conspicuous stage of the life cycle is the sporophyte generation whereas the gametophyte generation is small and inconspicuous. Flowering plants are heterosporous because they have two different kinds of spores, the pollen grain and the embryo sac which contains a egg.
Fluted	Same as sulcate.
Flying buttress	Buttress of a tree trunk that is elevated above the ground. Compare with plank buttress and running buttress.
Fodder pollen	Pollen that does not germinate and serves as a pollinator reward. This has been demonstrated in Couroupita guianensis and Lecythis pisonis (Mori et al., 1980) and is hypothesized for other species that appear to have staminodes on the inside of a flat hood or in stamens on the ligular side of the staminal ring.
Fodder pollen	Pollen that does not germinate and serves as a pollinator reward. This has been demonstrated in Couroupita guianensis and Lecythis pisonis (Mori et al., 1980) and is hypothesized for other species that appear to have staminodes on the inside of a flat hood or in stamens on the ligular side of the staminal ring.
Foliácea, foliáceo	Con apariencia de una hoja. Término a menudo empleado para describir cotiledones. Similar a papirácea, papiráceo.

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