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Term	Definition
Trichomes	Any structure arising from the epidermis (surface) of a plant; the equivalent to hairs in an animal.
Trichomes in axillary tufts	Trichomes (the equivalent of hairs in the animal kingdom) usually located in the axils between the midribe and the secondary veins, e.g., in Quercus velutina (black oak).
Tridioecious	Referring to the sexual condition of a species that bears only staminate flowers on some plants, only pistillate flowers on some plants, and staminate plus pistillate flowers or bisexual flowers on other plants.
Trifoliolate	With three leaflets.
Trigger hairs	Extensions placed at the opening (trap door) into the bladder of bladderworts (Utricularia sp.) which, when touched by prey cause the trap door of the bladder to open causing the prey to be sucked into into the bladder. The prey is decomposed and its nutrients, such as nitrogen, are assimilated by the plant.
Trimonoecy (trimonoecious)	Referring to the sexual condition of a species that bears staminate, pistillate, and bisexual flowers on the same plant. Same as polygamomonoecious.
Tristyly (tristylous)	The condition in which three different style lengths and corresponding stamen lengths are found in the same species, the flower morphs are short styled, intermediate styled, and long styled.
Truncate	Referring to an apex or base of a two dimensional structure, such as a leaf, bract, or petal, that terminates abruptly in a nearly straight horizontal edge.
Truncate fruit base	An ovary or a fruit which abruptly turns inward from the calycine rim to the pedicel/hypanthium. Same as infracalycine zone truncate.
Trunk	The main stem of a tree, including buttresses, prop roots, etc. Compare with bole.
Trunk	In trees, the unbranched portion of the plane, i.e., the first order of branching. Same as bole.
Trunk buttressed	An outgrowth at the base of a tree trunk that does not completely surround the tree.
Trunk cylindrical	A trunk that is in the form of a cylinder all of the way to the ground.
Trunk swollen	A trunk that is expanded all around the base without forming distinct buttresses.
Tuber	An underground, swollen part of a stem or a root that functions in food storage.
Tubercle	The modified and persistent style base of some Cyperaceae.
Tuberculate	Covered with pointed warty outgrowths; e.g., the fruit of Canna indica (Cannaceae).
Tuberculate hypanthium	Refers to a hypanthiuim covered with warty, pointed outgrowths.
Tubo corolino	Es la parte inferior de una corola gamopétala, donde los pétalos están fusionados
Turbinate	Obconical or top-shaped.
Turion	A bud or shoot characteristic of aquatic plants that enables them to overwinter.
Tussock	A dense clump or tuft of herbaceous stems formed by some species of grasses (Poaceae) and sedges (Cyperaceae).
Twig	A small branch of a tree to which the leaves are attached, i.e., the ultimate, leaf-bearing branch.
Twig	A branch of a tree of Lecythidaceae to which the leaves are attached, i.e., the ultimate, leaf-bearing branch.
Two-ranked	Referring to structures that are arranged in two rows; usually referring to the way in which leaves or bracts are inserted on an axis. Same as distichous.
Type	"A nomenclatural type (typus) is that element to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached, whether as the correct name or as a synonym. The nomenclatural type is not neccessarily the most typical or or representative element of a taxon." This quotation is from The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code) 2006. The ICBN is updated every five years based on recommendations sent to the ICBN Committe and discussed at the International Botanical Congress which meets at different places in the world. The latest ICBN is available online (http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm) and as hardcopy.
Type specimen	A specimen chosen to represent a species and is cited as such in the publication in which the species is described. There are different types of types, e.g. see holotype, isotype, syntype. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature now requires that one specimen be designated as the holoytpe.
Umbel	A convex- or flat-topped inflorescence with all pedicels arising from the same point.
Umbela	Una inflorescencia distalmente convexa, cuyos pedicelos salen de un mismo punto de inserción. Las umbelas compuestas son típicas de las Apiaceae y algunas especies de Araliaceae y Smilacaceae
Umbell	A convex- or flat-topped inflorescence with all pedicels arising from the same point.
Umbo	A relatively small protrusion usually in the middle of a structure; e.g., the operculum of a fruit.
Umbonate	Referring to a structure, such as a fruit apex, that possesses an umbo.
Unbranched inflorescence	An inflorescence with a single rachis.
Uncinate	Hooked at the apex.
Uncinate	Hooked at the apex, usually refers to stiff trichomes that stick in the fur or clothing of animals to facilitate seed dispersal.
Understory tree	A tree growing in a hypothetical stratum in the forest consisting of the crowns of trees found below the canopy and usually less than 20–25 meters tall at maturity.
Understory tree	A species of tree in which adult individuals do not reach the more-or-less continuous canopy tree layer of a forest.
Undulation (adj. = undulate)	Wavy, usually referring to the margin of a structure such as a leaf.
Unguiculate	Referring to a structure, such as a petal, the is abuptly constricted toward the base (having a claw). Same as clawed.
Uni-	A prefix meaning one.
Unicate collection	Referring to a collection number that is represented by a single herbarium specimen. Unicate collections are made when additional collections are not available, when a plant is rare and permission has been obtained to make a collection that does not adversely impact the population from which it is collected, or when a species is so well known that the only reason for collecting it is to document its presence in a specific locality. For more information about plant collecting see Tropical Plant Collecting: From the Field to the Internet. This book can be purchased at: http://tecceditora.com/ or Amazon.com.
Unilaterally winged seed	Referring to a seed wing that arise from one side.
Uniseriate perianth	Referring to a perianth with a single whorl composed of either the calyx or the corolla; e.g., the perianth of Nyctaginaceae and Thymelaeaceae.
Unisexual flower	Referring to a flower with either functional stamens or functional gynoecia but not both. Same as imperfect flower.
Unitegmic ovule	An ovule with one integument.
Upper septum	In neotropical Lecythidaceae, the part of a wall-like partition of a locule located above an articulation (often only seen as a thin line), as seen in longitudinal section, that divides the septum into a lower part and an upper part.
Urceolate	Shaped like an urn, same as urn-shaped.
Urn-shaped	Shaped like a vase that is wide at the base and narrower at the apex. Same as urceolate.
Urticating trichomes	Trichomes that cause itching or burning sensations such as in some species of Euphorbiaceae and Urticaceae; sometimes called urticating hairs but urticating trichomes is preferred because it limits the term to plants. Urticating trichomes are thought to protect the plant from predators.
Valva	Cada uno de los segmentos de un fruto dehiscente que hipotéticamente representa a un carpelo del ovario
Valvate (adjj.)	A type of aestivation in which the edges of the sepals and petals meet exactly and do not overlap (compare with imbricate); referring to the opening of an anther by small flaps; e.g., in Lauraceae.
Valve	One of the segments of an ovary each of which is hypothesized to represent a carpel or one of the segments of a dehiscent fruit.
Variegated leaves	Having streaks, marks, or patches of different colors; e.g., the immature leaves of some species of Calathea (Marantaceae) and several species of Psychotria (Rubiaceae), and the mature leaves of Cyclopogon olivaceus (Orchidaceae).
Várzea	A Portuguese term referring to forest growing in areas periodically indundated by alkaline, café au lait-colored water (also called white water).
Várzea	A Portuguese term referring to forest growing in areas periodically indundated by alkaline, café au lait-colored water (also called white water). Do not confuse white-water with rapidly flowing water of rapids and waterfalls. See Prance (1979) for more information about forests subjected to inundation in Amazonia.
Vascular bundle	In the angiosperms, separate strands of phloem and xylem cells that transport water and nutrients to the leaves and photosynthate (carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis) to other parts of the plant.
Vascular trace	That part of a vascular bundle extending from the vascular cylinder of the stem into the base of the leaf.
Vegetative reproduction	Referring to non-sexual reproduction, by ramets developing from stolons, sprouts from rhizomes, budding from the leaves, tubers, or bulblets.
Venule	The ultimate division of the venation of a leaf blade.
Versatile anther	A stamen in which the filament is attached to the anther above the base of the anther.
Verticilada	Se refiere cuando tres o más órganos se encuentran dispuestos en el mismo plano e insertos en un mismo nudo alrededor de un tallo; por ejemplo, a las hojas en un tallo. Comparar con alterna y opuesta
Verticillate	Arising from an axis in groups of more than two at the same node; e.g., leaves along a stem or flowers along a rachis. Same as whorled. Compare with alternate and opposite.
Very narrowly elliptic	Referring to a two-dimensional shape with the widest point at the middle and tlength to width ratio of 6:1 or more.
Very widely oblong	Referring to a two dimensional shape in which the greatest width extends throughout a middle zone at least one-third the length of the blade (in this zone the margins are more-or-less parallel) and the length to width ratio is 1.2:1 or less.
Very widely obovate	Very widely obovate refers to a leaf, sepal, petal, or other flat structure that is wider above the midpoint and has a length-to-width ratio of 1:1 or less.
Very widely ovate	Very widely ovate refers to a leaf, sepal, petal, or other flat structure that is wider at the base than at the midpoint, tapers toward the apex, and has a length-to-width ratio of 1:1 or less.
Vestigial stamen	An appendage derived directly from a staminode and indirectly from a stamen that no longer has an anther or the anther is small and withered compared to the fertile anthers of normal stamens in the staminal ring or the fodder pollen-producing anthers of staminodes.
Vestigial stamen nectaries	In the Lecythidaceae, the inner-most appendages at the apex of a fully-coiled, zygomorphic-flowered, neotropical Lecythidaceae that produce nectar which accumulates in the nectar chamber. Nectar-producing vestigial stamens and nectar chambers are only found in species of Couratari and Eschweilera sensu lato. Fully coiled refers to species that have more than one inward coil, i.e., species with two or more coils.
Vestigial stamens	An appendage, most likely derived directly from a staminode and indirectly from a stamen, that no longer has an anther or the anther is small and withered compared to the fertile anthers of normal stamens in the staminal ring or the fodder pollen-producing antherodes of staminodes.
Vestigial stamens external	Referring to an inwardly, once coiled androecial hood that possesses vestigial stamens only on the outside (externally of the coil. This feature is only used to describe species with at single coil.
Vestigial stamens internal	Referring to an inwardly, once-coiled androecial hood that possesses vestigial stamens on the inside (internally) as well as on the outside of the coil (externally).
Vexillum	The upper, broad petal of Fabaceae. Same as standard, flag, and banner with standard the preferred term.
Viscidium	In the Orchidaceae, a sticky part of the rostellum that is removed with the pollinia as a unit and serves to attach the pollinia to the dispersal agent.
Vivipary (viviparous)	In plants, germinating while still attached to the parent plant.
Voucher	A herbarium specimen used to document the identification of a species of plant in floristic, monographic, anatomical, ecological, economic, medicinal, taxonomic, etc. studies. If a voucher does not document plant studies there is no way to confirm or reject the identifications of the species in the studies.

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