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Term	Definition
Exmedial	Away from the leaf axis.
Exmedial	Away from the leaf axis, i.e., away from the midrib.
Exocarp	The outermost layer of the fruit wall. Same as epicarp; compare with pericarp.
Exserted	Extending beyond, as stamens beyond the corolla. Opposite of included.
External flap	In the Lecythidaceae, a flap that extends outward from the inner coil of the androecial to cover at least part of the top of the androecial hood. This structure is only fully developed in species of Couratari although incipient external flaps are found in several species of Eschweilera (e.g., Eschweilera cyathiformis and E. ovalifolia).
External flap	A flap that extends outward from the inner coil of the androecium to cover at least part of the top of the androecial hood. This structure is only fully developed in species of Couratari although incipient external flaps are found in several species of Eschweilera (e.g., Eschweilera cyathiformis and E. ovalifolia). In these species, the furrow is called the ligular sulcus.
Extinction	The death of all individuals of a species.
Extirpation	The process by which a plant or animal species is eliminated from a given geographic area.
Extrafloral nectary	A structure that secretes nectar and is located on a part of the plant other than the flower; e.g., the glands on the petioles of many mimosoid legumes.
Fasciation (adj. = fasciated)	A growth form in which parts of stems, rachises, or flowers of a plant fuse together to form flattened, anomolous forms.
Fascicle (Fasciculate)	Arranged in a tight bundle or cluster
Fascicle (fasciculate)	A tight cluster or bundle of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, or other structures arising from the same point; for example, the inflorescences of Grias cauliflora are fasiculate.
Female flower	Referring to unisexual flowers with functional gynoecia but without functional stamens (staminodes may be present). Same as staminate flower.
Fenestrate	Pierced with holes; e.g., the trunk of Minquartia guianensis (Olacaceae) or leaves of Monstera spp. (Araceae).
Fern life cycle	Referring to the alternation of generations between the gameophyte (haploid) and sporophyte (diploid) stages of a fern. The most conspicuous stage of the life cycle is the sporophyte generation whereas the gametophyte generation is small and inconspicuous.
Ferruginous	Rust-colored, often referring to the color of the pubescence.
Fertilization	In botany, the union between a sperm cell released by a pollen grain and an egg cell in an ovule of a flower. This union results in the development of the embryo within a seed.
Festoon (adj. festooned)	A type of leaf venation in which the secondary veins do not terminate at the margin but join to form a series of prominent arches that form a submarginal nerve and, in addtion, the secondary veins possess closed loops toward their apices. Based on Hickey, 1973. For more information about leaf venation see Ellis et al, 2009.
Field notebook	A notebook in which the data to be used for making plant labels are recorded. Today, the principal purpose of a field notebook is for providing the data for entering into a database. The labels are then generated directly from the database. A field notebook serves as a permanent record of the collections a collector makes throughout his or her career. The authors prefer a notebook that resists rain such as the "Rite in the Rain" all-weather Jounal, No. 390F." For more information about plant collecting see Tropical Plant Collecting: From the Filed to the Internet. This book can be purchased at: http://tecceditora.com/ or Amazon.com.
Field press	A portable plant press used to hold collections shortly after they have been collected and for the rest of the time a collector is igatjhering specimens. The specimens are numbered and described in the field book, arranged between newspapers, the newspapers are numbered with the number listed in the field book, and then placed in the field press until they are ready to be placed in the drying press. A field press can be as simple as two end boards tied together with two ropes, but the authors prefer more sophisticated presses that keep the specimens dry if it rains and one that can be easily closed with velco straps. For more information about plant collecting see Tropical Plant Collecting: From the Filed to the Internet. This book can be purchased at: http://tecceditora.com/ or Amazon.com.
Fig	A hollow, fruitlike receptacle lined by tiny achenes, the characteristic inflorescence of figs (Ficus spp., Moraceae). Also called a syconium.
Filament	The stalk of the stamen terminated by the anther; in Orchidaceae, the sterile portion of the stamen forming part of the column.
Filament stalk	A constricted area at the apex of the filament to which the anther is attached.
Filaments angular	Filaments with cross sections angular in outline.
Filaments arched	Filaments that depart from the rim of a staminal tube and arch inward.
Filaments clavate	Club-shaped, i.e., the filaments are unidimensional toward the base and then abruptly expanded in diameter toward the apex.
Filaments curved	Filaments that arise from the staminal ring of zygomorphic-flowered Lecythidaceae and curve inward.
Filaments golf club-shaped.	A filament that is unidimensional for the lower third of the length and enlarged and shaped like the head of an old fashioned golf club driver.
Filaments reflexed	Filaments that arise from the inside of a staminal tube that abruptly turn downward as found in all species of Allantoma and Grias.
Filaments sigmoid-shaped	Refers to filaments that are S-shaped to a more-or-less degree.
Filaments straight	Filaments that do not deviate in direction throughout their length, i.e., they do not form an arch or do not turn abruptly downward. This type is less frequentyl called filament erect.
Filaments tapered	A filament that arises from the staminal ring and gradually increases in diameter from the base to the apex.
Filaments terete	Filaments with cross sections circular in outline.
Filaments unidimensional	Filaments that are the same diameter throughout their length.
Fimbriate	Fringed on the margin with trichomes coarser than those of a ciliate margin.
Flabellate (flabelliform)	Fan-shaped; i.e., broadly wedge-shaped.
Flag	The upper, broad petal of Fabaceae. Same as banner, standard, and flag with standard the preferred term.
Flagellate (flagelliform)	Whiplike.
Flagelliflorous	A plant with a whiplike inflorescence that usually hangs below the crown.
Flexuous	Bent alternately in opposite directions.
Floating aquatic plant	A plant that occurs on the surface of a lake or pond without attachment by roots to the soil at the bottom of the lake or pond upon which it grows.
Flora	A book in which all of the species of a given group of plants for a given geographic area are described and illustrated to some extent. In addition, dichotomous keys used for indentification are provided.
Floral aromas	Aromas emitted by plants to attract pollinators. These aromas can be extracted from plants by enclosing the flowers in bags or glass globes and then pumping the air from around the flowers through a tube with adsorbents. The samples are passed though a Gas Chromatograph and the chemical composition of the aromas of different flowers are identified by comparing the samples with a database of known compounds (Knudsen & Mori, 1996). There is a correlation between different floral aromas and the pollinators that visit the flowers.
Floret	In the Poaceae, the term includes the lemma and palea as well as the enclosed flower; sometimes used to refer to the flowers of Asteraceae.
Flower bisexual	A flower with a functional androecium (the male part of the flower and all parts derived from it) and a functional gynoecium (the female part of the flower).
Flower oxidizes bluish-green	When the flower is bruised, the color at the point of the bruise turns bluish-green.
Flowering associated with leaf flush	A phenological strategy in which a tree drops its leaves, flowers when the canopy is leafless or partially leafless, and flushes new leaves after flowering or flowers at about the same time that new leaves are flushed; i.e., there is some association between flowering and leaf fall and flush.
Flowering not associated with leaf flush	A phenological strategy in which there is no apparent relationship between leaf drop, leaf flush, and flowering.
Flowering plant	A plant whose seeds are borne within a fruit derived from a carpel or carpels.
Flowering plant life cycle	Referring to the alternation of generations between the gameophyte (haploid) and sporophyte (diploid) stages of a floweirng plant. The most conspicuous stage of the life cycle is the sporophyte generation whereas the gametophyte generation is small and inconspicuous. Flowering plants are heterosporous because they have two different kinds of spores, the pollen grain and the embryo sac which contains a egg.

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