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Term	Definition
Filament	The stalk of the stamen terminated by the anther; in Orchidaceae, the sterile portion of the stamen forming part of the column.
Filament stalk	A constricted area at the apex of the filament to which the anther is attached.
Filamento	En un estambre, es el pedículo que sostiene a la antera
Filaments angular	Filaments with cross sections angular in outline.
Filaments arched	Filaments that depart from the rim of a staminal tube and arch inward.
Filaments clavate	Club-shaped, i.e., the filaments are unidimensional toward the base and then abruptly expanded in diameter toward the apex.
Filaments curved	Filaments that arise from the staminal ring of zygomorphic-flowered Lecythidaceae and curve inward.
Filaments golf club-shaped.	A filament that is unidimensional for the lower third of the length and enlarged and shaped like the head of an old fashioned golf club driver.
Filaments reflexed	Filaments that arise from the inside of a staminal tube that abruptly turn downward as found in all species of Allantoma and Grias.
Filaments sigmoid-shaped	Refers to filaments that are S-shaped to a more-or-less degree.
Filaments straight	Filaments that do not deviate in direction throughout their length, i.e., they do not form an arch or do not turn abruptly downward. This type is less frequentyl called filament erect.
Filaments tapered	A filament that arises from the staminal ring and gradually increases in diameter from the base to the apex.
Filaments terete	Filaments with cross sections circular in outline.
Filaments unidimensional	Filaments that are the same diameter throughout their length.
Filiform	Threadlike or very slender.
Fimbriate	Fringed on the margin with trichomes coarser than those of a ciliate margin.
Flabellate (flabelliform)	Fan-shaped; i.e., broadly wedge-shaped.
Flag	The upper, broad petal of Fabaceae. Same as banner, standard, and flag with standard the preferred term.
Flagellate (flagelliform)	Whiplike.
Flagelliflorous	A plant with a whiplike inflorescence that usually hangs below the crown.
Flap externo	En las Lecythidaceae, es una estructura que se extiende hacia el exterior desde la parte interna enrollada de la capucha del androceo y la cubre, al menos parcialmente. Esta estructura está bien desarrollada solamente en las especies de Couratari, aunque también está presente, aunque no desarrollado, en algunas especies de Eschweilera (e.g., Eschweilera cyathiformis y E. ovalifolia)
Flexuous	Bent alternately in opposite directions.
Floating aquatic plant	A plant that occurs on the surface of a lake or pond without attachment by roots to the soil at the bottom of the lake or pond upon which it grows.
Floccose (diminutive = flocculose)	Covered with tufts of wool-like hairs that often rub off easily.
Flor asimétrica	Ver zigomorfa, irregular.
Flor bilateralmente simétrica	Ver actinomorfa.
Flor bisexual	Se aplica a la flor en la que ambos órganos sexuales, estambres y ovario(s), funcionan fisiológicamente. Lo mismo que perfecta.
Flor completa	Se refiere a una flor que posee todos los verticilos o partes florales: Cáliz, corola, estambres y gineceo. Comparar con flor incompleta.
Flor imperfecta	Ver flor unisexual.
Flor incompleta	Se refiere a una flor que no posee todos los verticilos o partes florales: Cáliz, corola, estambres y gineceo. Comparar con flor completa.
Flor perfecta	Ver flor bisexual.
Flor simétrica	Ver actinomorfa, regular.
Flor solitaria	Se aplica cuando la inflorescencia está constituida por una sola flor.
Flor unisexual	Se aplica a la flor en la que sólo un órgano sexual es funcional, ya sean los estambres o el(los) ovario(s), pero no ambos. Lo mismo que imperfecta.
Flora	A book in which all of the species of a given group of plants for a given geographic area are described and illustrated to some extent. In addition, dichotomous keys used for indentification are provided.
Floral aromas	Aromas emitted by plants to attract pollinators. These aromas can be extracted from plants by enclosing the flowers in bags or glass globes and then pumping the air from around the flowers through a tube with adsorbents. The samples are passed though a Gas Chromatograph and the chemical composition of the aromas of different flowers are identified by comparing the samples with a database of known compounds (Knudsen & Mori, 1996). There is a correlation between different floral aromas and the pollinators that visit the flowers.
Floral cavity	A minute cavity on the dorsal side of Wolfia and Wolfiella (Lemnaceae) in which flowers are produced; note that vegetative buds are not produced in this cavity.
Floral tube	A tube formed by the fusion of sepals, petals, or both, or as an outgrowth of the hypanthium. Nectar often accumulates within the floral tube.
Floret	In the Poaceae, the term includes the lemma and palea as well as the enclosed flower; sometimes used to refer to the flowers of Asteraceae.
Flower bisexual	A flower with a functional androecium (the male part of the flower and all parts derived from it) and a functional gynoecium (the female part of the flower).
Flower oxidizes bluish-green	When the flower is bruised, the color at the point of the bruise turns bluish-green.
Flowering associated with leaf flush	A phenological strategy in which a tree drops its leaves, flowers when the canopy is leafless or partially leafless, and flushes new leaves after flowering or flowers at about the same time that new leaves are flushed; i.e., there is some association between flowering and leaf fall and flush.
Flowering not associated with leaf flush	A phenological strategy in which there is no apparent relationship between leaf drop, leaf flush, and flowering.
Flowering plant	A plant whose seeds are borne within a fruit derived from a carpel or carpels.
Flowering plant life cycle	Referring to the alternation of generations between the gameophyte (haploid) and sporophyte (diploid) stages of a floweirng plant. The most conspicuous stage of the life cycle is the sporophyte generation whereas the gametophyte generation is small and inconspicuous. Flowering plants are heterosporous because they have two different kinds of spores, the pollen grain and the embryo sac which contains a egg.
Fluted	Same as sulcate.
Flying buttress	Buttress of a tree trunk that is elevated above the ground. Compare with plank buttress and running buttress.
Fodder pollen	Pollen that does not germinate and serves as a pollinator reward. This has been demonstrated in Couroupita guianensis and Lecythis pisonis (Mori et al., 1980) and is hypothesized for other species that appear to have staminodes on the inside of a flat hood or in stamens on the ligular side of the staminal ring.
Fodder pollen	Pollen that does not germinate and serves as a pollinator reward. This has been demonstrated in Couroupita guianensis and Lecythis pisonis (Mori et al., 1980) and is hypothesized for other species that appear to have staminodes on the inside of a flat hood or in stamens on the ligular side of the staminal ring.
Foliácea, foliáceo	Con apariencia de una hoja. Término a menudo empleado para describir cotiledones. Similar a papirácea, papiráceo.
Foliaceous	Leaflike; often used to describe cotyledons.
Foliolate	With leaflets; e.g., 3-foliolate or trifoliolate is a leaf with three leaflets.
Foliolo	Cada uno de los segmentos laminares que forman parte de una hoja compuesta
Follicetum	An aggregate of follicles formed from an apocarpous gynoecium.
Follicle	A dry or somewhat fleshy or leathery, dehiscent fruit formed from a single carpel and opening along a ventral suture; e.g., the fruit of Apocynaceae subfamily Asclepiadoideae.
Forb	Any non-woody flowering plant that is not a grass, sedge, or rush
Forb	A herbaceous flowering plant that is not graminoid (grasses, sedges and rushes).
Forked	Same as furcate.
Form (forma, plural = formae)	In lower case, a taxonomic rank just below variety. The abbreviation is f..
Forma de nutrición	Es el modo cómo una planta obtiene su alimento, por ejemplo: fotosintética, parásita, hemiparásita, etc...
Formicarium (plural = formicaria)	An ant domatium which is usually a swollen chamber associated with the petioles (e.g., species of Hirtella and Tococoa) or a hollow stem (e.g., Tachigali and Cecropia).
Fornicate	Arched. Same as recurved.
Foveolate	Pitted.
Fractiflex	Zigzagged; referring to a structure that is bent alternately in opposite directions much more sharply than is implied by the term flexuous.
Free	Same as distinct.
Free nervation	Leaf veins that do not unite to form a network. Compare with anastomosing and reticulate.
French spikes (= griffes or grimpettes in French)	Two iron spikes in the form of a half circle with three spikes at the apex and three spikes opposite a small platform that the collector stands on. These spikes are made by Lacoste et fils (12 av. Pasteur, 24160 Excideuil, France) and can be purchased through their web site at www.lacoste-outillage.com. For more information about plant collecting see Tropical Plant Collecting: From the Filed to the Internet. This book can be purchased at: http://tecceditora.com/ or Amazon.com.
Friable	Brittle; e.g., the bark of Chrysobalanaceae, which breaks into many small pieces when cut with a machete.
Frond	Rerring to the leaves of ferns and the most conspicuous part of the sporophyte generation of this group of plants..
Frondose	Leafy; used to describe inflorescences bearing numerous, leaflike bracts, a condition especially common in the Rubiaceae.
Frugivore	An animal that eats fruit.
Fruit	In the flowering plants, the ripened ovary or the seed-bearing organ of a plant.
Fruit oxidizes bluish-green	When the fruit is bruised, the color at the point of the bruise turns bluish-green.
Fruit white lenticellate	A pericarp with the outer surface with scattered white dots.
Fruto agregado	Un fruto formado por la coalescencia de los carpelos de un gineceo apocárpico de una sola flor; por ejemplo: La mora, frutilla.

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