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Term	Definition
Flying buttress	Buttress of a tree trunk that is elevated above the ground. Compare with plank buttress and running buttress.
Fodder pollen	Pollen that does not germinate and serves as a pollinator reward. This has been demonstrated in Couroupita guianensis and Lecythis pisonis (Mori et al., 1980) and is hypothesized for other species that appear to have staminodes on the inside of a flat hood or in stamens on the ligular side of the staminal ring.
Fodder pollen	Pollen that does not germinate and serves as a pollinator reward. This has been demonstrated in Couroupita guianensis and Lecythis pisonis (Mori et al., 1980) and is hypothesized for other species that appear to have staminodes on the inside of a flat hood or in stamens on the ligular side of the staminal ring.
Foliaceous	Leaflike; often used to describe cotyledons.
Foliolate	With leaflets; e.g., 3-foliolate or trifoliolate is a leaf with three leaflets.
Follicle	A dry or somewhat fleshy or leathery, dehiscent fruit formed from a single carpel and opening along a ventral suture; e.g., the fruit of Apocynaceae subfamily Asclepiadoideae.
Forb	Any non-woody flowering plant that is not a grass, sedge, or rush
Forb	A herbaceous flowering plant that is not graminoid (grasses, sedges and rushes).
Formicarium (plural = formicaria)	An ant domatium which is usually a swollen chamber associated with the petioles (e.g., species of Hirtella and Tococoa) or a hollow stem (e.g., Tachigali and Cecropia).
Fornicate	Arched. Same as recurved.
French spikes (= griffes or grimpettes in French)	Two iron spikes in the form of a half circle with three spikes at the apex and three spikes opposite a small platform that the collector stands on. These spikes are made by Lacoste et fils (12 av. Pasteur, 24160 Excideuil, France) and can be purchased through their web site at www.lacoste-outillage.com. For more information about plant collecting see Tropical Plant Collecting: From the Filed to the Internet. This book can be purchased at: http://tecceditora.com/ or Amazon.com.
Friable	Brittle; e.g., the bark of Chrysobalanaceae, which breaks into many small pieces when cut with a machete.
Frond	Rerring to the leaves of ferns and the most conspicuous part of the sporophyte generation of this group of plants..
Frugivore	An animal that eats fruit.
Fruit oxidizes bluish-green	When the fruit is bruised, the color at the point of the bruise turns bluish-green.
Fruit white lenticellate	A pericarp with the outer surface with scattered white dots.
Fruto apocárpico	Es un fruto compuesto que tiene los carpelos separados, independientes; procede de un gineceo apocárpico
Fruto sincárpico	Es un fruto compuesto que tiene los carpelos connados; procede de un gineceo sincárpico
Fugacious	Falling off early. Same as caducous.
Functionally indehiscent fruit	A circumscissile fruit that opens via an operculum (lid) but the seeds are trapped inside because the size of the opening is smaller than the size of the seeds.
Funicle	The cord that attaches the ovule and subsequently the seed to the fruit wall.
Funicle (funiculus)	The cord that attaches the ovule and subsequently the seed to the fruit wall.
Funículo	Es la estructura filamentosa que conecta al óvulo con el ovario y subsecuentemente a la semilla con la pared del fruto
Funneliform	Usually referring to a corolla in the shape of a funnel but can also be applied to other structures with a similar shape.
Fused (fusion)	Referring to similar structures fused to each other, such as the petals of a sympetalous corolla. Same as connate. Compare with adnate and connivent.
Gamete	A haploid (n) reproductive cell, two of which fuse to form a diploid (2n) zygote.
Gametophyte	The gamete-producing haploid phase (n) of a plant's life cycle.
Gamopétala	Igual a simpétala
Gamopetalous corolla	Having petals united for at least part of their length. Same as sympetalous; Opposite of polypetalous and choripetalous.
Gamosépalo	Se refiere al cáliz que posee los sépalos fusionados. Opuesto a dialisépalo
Gamosepalous calyx	Having sepals united for at least part of their length. Same as synsepalous calyx.
Gap	An opening in the canopy of the forest created by falling trees and branches.
Geitonogamy (geitonogamous)	Referring to the fertilization of the ovules of a flower by pollen from another flower of the same plant. Compare with xenogamous.
Gemma (gemmiferous; plural = gemmae)	A specialized vegetative bud that often separates from the parent plant to produce a new plant. The gemmae in bryophytes are grouped together in a cup from which they are splashed out of and dispersed by rain drops. A plant that bears gemmae is said to be gemmiferous.
Gemmae cups	A small receptacle or cup on upper surface of bryophytes in which gemmae are produced from which they are splashed out of and dispersed by rain drops.
Geniculate	Abruptly bent like a flexed knee.
Gibbous	Pouched or swollen on one side.
Gibbous	Swollen on one side.
Gland	A secretory structure such as a floral or extrafloral nectary; a glandlike body whether it is secretory or not; e.g., the body connecting, via translators, the two pollinia of Apocynaceae subfamily Asclepiadoideae.
Glándula	Estructura secretoria, como un nectario floral o extrafloral. Un cuerpo glandular ya sea que secrete o no; por ejemplo, el corpúsculo que conecta los dos polinios de las Apocynaceae subfamilia Asclepiadoideae
Glandular trichome	Hairlike outgrowths of the epidermis with bulbous expansions at their apices that presumably secretes substance that maket difficult for insect predators to eat the plant.
Glandular trichomes	Hairlike outgrowths of the epidermis with bulbous expansions at their apices.
Globose	Referring to a spherical solid shape.
Glume	A bract at the base of a spikelet in the Poaceae.
Ground layer	A hypothetical stratum of tropical rain forests consisting of herbs and other small plants that grow close to the ground. Same as ground story.
Ground story	Lowest layer of vegetation in a forest; composed of terrestrial herbs. Same as but less preferred than ground layer.
Growth form	The life form of a plant; e.g., herb, tree, or shrub. Same as habit.
Guard cells	Two cells that flank each side of the stomatal opening. These cells control the input and output of carbon dioxide and oxygen and the output of water by opening and closing at different times of the day.
Guard cells	Two cells that flank each side of the stomatal opening. These cells control the input and output of carbon dioxide and oxygen and the output of water by opening and closing at different times of the day.
Gymnosperm	A vascular plant with seeds not enclosed in an ovary (examples of gymnosperms are cycads, pines, firs, and spruce trees). The name of this group of plants means naked seeds.
Gynobasic style	Referring to a style arising from the base of the ovary. Gynobasic styles are of two types: 1) the style is inserted laterally at the base of a syncarpous ovary as in Chrysobalanaceae and Rhabdodendraceae 2) the style arises from the center of an apocarpous ovary as in many species of Lamiaceae.
Gynodioecy (gynodioecious)	Referring to a sexual condition of a species that bears pistillate flowers on some plants and bisexual flowers or staminate flowers as well as pistillate flowers on other plants.
Gynoecium (Pl. = gynoecia)	The female part of the flower (i.e., the pistil).
Gynoecium apocarpous	Referring to a gynoecium of distinct carpels; e.g., many species of Annonaceae, Crassulaceae, Menispermaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, etc. Compare with syncarpous.
Gynoecium syncarpous	A gynoecium composed of fused carpels.
Gynomonoecy (gynomonoecious)	Referring to a sexual condition of a species that bears pistillate flowers and bisexual flowers on same plants.
Gynophore	Stalk of the ovary; e.g., in Capparaceae and Simaroubaceae. Same as stipe.
Gynostemium	In the Aristolochiaceae, a structure formed by the fusion of the stamens to the style and stigma.
Habitat	The place where a plant grows, for example in a wet area along a stream, in a pond, rain forest, savanna etc.
Hapaxanthy (hapaxanthic or hapaxanthous)	Referring to plants that die after a single episode of flowering and fruiting; e.g., many bambusoid Poaceae, some palms, and and some Tachigali (Fabaceae). Same as monocarpic and semelparic and opposite of polycarpic, iteroparic, and pleionanthic.
Haploid	Having one set of chromosomes. See diploid.
Haplostemonous	Referring to an androecium with a single series of stamens in one whorl.
Hard bast	The inner non-functional part of the xylem, i.e., the dead part of the xylem that no longer transports water and nutrients to the leaves but serves as support for the plant. Same as heartwood.
Hastate	In the shape of an arrowhead but with the basal lobes spreading at more or less right angles to the long axis.
Haustorium (plural = haustoria)	The tissue-penetratingand food-absorbing organ of a parasitic plant.
Heartwood	The inner non-functional part of the xylem, i.e., the dead part of the xylem that no longer transports water and nutrients to the leaves but serves as support for the plant.
Hemi-legumbre (hemilegumbre)	Es el fruto de una leguminosa en el que las semillas y una de las valvas son dispersas como una unidad. La valva al ser dispersa por el viento vuela con las semillas que están unidas a ella
Hemi-legume (hemilegume)	A legume fruit in which the seed or seeds and one valve of the pod are dispersed as a unit. The valve catches the wind and blows away with the seeds.
Hemiepífita	Planta que durante una parte de su ciclo de vida crece sobre otra planta sin tener contacto con el suelo y durante otra parte de su ciclo de vida está en contacto con el suelo. Las hemiepífitas pueden ser primarias (descendentes), las que comienzan creciendo sobre un hospedero (generalmente un árbol), desarrollan largas raíces aéreas hasta alcanzar el suelo y terminan su ciclo de vida como terrestres (e.g. Clusia [Clusiaceae]); o secundarias (ascendentes), las que inicialmente crecen sobre el suelo como las hierbas, para después trepar sobre un hospedero y ahi terminar su ciclo de vida, sin tener contacto con el suelo (e.g. Anthurium, Philodendron [Araceae]). Comparar con epífitas.
Hemiepífita primaria	Se aplica a una planta (e.g., Clusia spp., Clusiaceae) que empieza su ciclo de vida sobre un hospedero, sin estar en contacto con el suelo y que desarrolla raíces aéreas que alcanzan el suelo para terminar su ciclo de vida como una planta terrestre.
Hemiepífita secundaria	Se aplica a una planta que empieza su ciclo de vida sobre el suelo, como una hierba, y que luego se desarrolla sobre un hospedero sin tener contacto con el suelo (e.g., Anthurium, Philodendron [Araceae]). Comparar con epífita, hemiepífita y hemiepífita primaria
Hemiepiphyte	A plant that grows for part of its life on other plants without connection to the ground and for part of its life with a connection to the ground. A primary hemiepiphyte (e.g., Clusia spp., Clusiaceae) begins life without a connection with the ground but later develops aerial roots that reach the ground. A secondary hemiepiphyte (e.g., various species of Araceae) grows from the ground onto its support and later loses its connection with the ground. Compare with epiphyte.
Hemiparasite	A plant that both photosynthesizes and extracts some of its nutrition from a host; e.g., speices of Loranthaceae and Viscaceae.
Herb	A nonwoody plant. Large as well as small plants may be herbaceous; the largest native herb in the Neotropics is Phenakospermum guyannense (Strelitziaceae).
Herbarium (plural = herbaria)	A herbarium is a repository for plant collectons which consist of herbarium sheets, separate fruit collections, pickled collections, DNA collections, and images depicting plants in the field. The larger herbaria of the world are described in an online resource called Index Herbariorum (http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp).

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