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Term	Definition
Herbivory (herbivorous)	Feeding on plants (referring to an animal that feeds on plants).
Herkogamy (herkogamous)	In bisexual flowers, the placement of the male (staminate) and female (pistillate) flowers in different positions within the same plant; for example, a heterostylous species is also a herkogamous species. Approach herkogamy is when the sigma protrodes beyond the stamens and reverse herkogamy is when the anthers protrude beyond the stigma. In the first case, the pollinator touches the stigma before it reaches the anthers and in the second place the pollinator touches the anthers before it reaches the stigma.
Hermaphrodite	See bisexual; in the Mimosaceae, referring to the presence of both staminate and pistillate flowers in the same inflorescence.
Hesperidium	A berrylike fruit with tough or coriaceous outer rind, e.g., the fruit of most species of Citrus (Rutaceae).
Heteranthery (adj. = heterantherous)	A flower that contains two types of pollen, one that germinates and is found in anthers and another that does not germinate and serves as a pollinator reward.
Heteranthery (adj. = heterantherous)	A flower that contains two types of pollen, one that germinates and is found in anthers and another that does not germinate and is found antherodes; the latter serves as a pollinator reward.
Heteranthery (heterantherous)	Heteromorphic stamens of a species of Swartzia from an unvouchered plant from Amazonas, Brazil. This is also called heteranthery and when there are only two variations in the morphology of a structure it can also be referred to as dimorphic. This species is apocarpic as evidenced by the separate styles, a rare occurence in legumes which in general have species with a single pistil. Same as differentiated anthers.
Heterochlamydeous	Referring to a flower with differentiated calyx and corolla; same as biseriate perianth. Compare with monochlamydeous.
Heteromorphic	Referring to structures or organs within a species or individual that differ in form or size; e.g., the simple juvenile and pinnately compound leaves of Syagrus inajai (Arecaceae). Compare with dimorphic and monomorphic.
Heteromorphic stamens	Stamens of two distinct types; one type usually bears fertile pollen and the other type bears sterile or fodder pollen; e.g., Lecythis zabucajo (Lecythidaceae) and species of Senna (Fabaceae).
Heterophylly (heterophyllous)	Referring to species or individuals with leaves that differ in size or shape. See heteromorphic.
Heterospory (heterosporous)	Producing two different kinds of spores; e.g., those giving rise to the microgametophytes and megagametophytes of Selaginella, Isoetes, and the flowering plants and the
Heterostyly (heterostylous)	A condition in which the style and stamen lengths vary among individuals of the same species; e.g., in Coussarea racemosa (Rubiaceae), with flowers with long styles and short stamens and flowers with short styles and long stamens in different trees of the same population. The long-styled flowers are called pin flowers and the short-styled flowers are called thrum flowers.
Heterotroph (heterotrophic)	Unable to synthesize organic compounds from inorganic substrates, i.e., this kind of plant does not photosynethesize and is not green in color because it lacks chlorophyll.
Higher order venation	All venation smaller in diameter than tertiary venation.
Hilum (hilar)	A scar on the seed indicating where the funicle was attached.
Hippuriform	Shaped like a horse’s tail; e.g., the inflorescences of species of Oenocarpus (Arecaceae).
Hispid (diminutive = hispidulose)	With dense, stiff trichomes.
Hoja imparipinnada	Se refiere a una hoja compuesta que posee un foliolo impar en la porción distal. Comparar con paripinnada
Hoja paripinnada	Se refiere a una hoja compuesta que posee un par de foliolos en la porción distal. Equivalente a bipinnada. Comparar con imparipinnada
Holoparasite	An achlorophyllous plant that derives all of its nutrition from its host; e.g., species of Balanophoraceae and Rafflesiaceae.
Holotype	A single specimen designated by the author of the species to represent that species. If there are duplicates of that specimen, they are called isotypes.
Homoecy (adj. = homoecious)	A species that bears only bisexual flowers on each plant.
Homoecy (homoecious)	Referring to a species that bears only bisexual flowers on each plant.
Homospory (homosporous)	Producing a single kind of spore; e.g., as in bryophytes, Lycopodium, and most but not all species of ferns.
Hoop mark	A raised ring caused by bud scale scars that may partially or completely encircle the trunk of a tree.
Horn	An flora appendage shaped like an animal’s horn; e.g., the horn of the corona of Apocynaceae subfamily Asclepiadoideae.
Host	In botany, a plant upon which another plant or an animal feed on or parasitizes; e.g., many trees are hosts for parasitic plants such as mistletoes.
Hot spot	A concept first developed by Norman Myers in which priority for conservation is based on the idea that it will be too costly to protect all species throughout the world; thus, Myers suggested that areas with high degrees of endemism and which are under going rapid lost of habitat should be given priority for protection. As many as 44% of all species of vascular plants and 35% of all species in four vertebrate groups are confined to 25 hotspots comprising only 1.4% of the land surface of the Earth. The idea of this strategy is to put maximum effort into protecting these areas. See Myers, N. et al. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853-858.
Hybrid (hybridization)	The result of a cross between genetically dissimilar individuals, most commonly referring to crosses between two different species.
Hypanthium	A floral tube made up of fused parts of the perianth and sometimes including receptacular tissue. The tube may be free from the ovary as in perigynous flowers or it may be fused to the ovary as in epignynous flowers.
Hypha (plural = hyphae)	The filaments of a fungus that combine to form the above ground mushroom and the below ground part of the fungus, the latter are analagous to the roots of vascular plants. In a mycorrhizal relationship, the hyphae attach to roots of plants and mediate the movement of carbohydrates to the fungus and minerals from the fungus to the plant.
Hypocarp	The swollen pedicel that subtends the fruit of Anacardium (Anacardiaceae). Also called the cashew apple.
Hypocotyl	The part of the main axis of a seed embryo or a very young seedling found below the cotyledonary node.
Hypocotyl	The part of the main axis of a seed embryo (or a very young seedling) found below the cotyledonary node. The roots grow from the hypocotyl.
Hypocrateriform	Referring to the shape of a sympetalous corolla in which the tube is slender and the lobes are abruptly spreading and flat. Same as salverform which is preferred over hypocrateriform.
Hypogeal germination	A type of seed germination in which the cotyledons are retained below the ground.
Hypogeous fruits	Immature fruits that penetrate the ground where they develop to maturity, the best examples are the hypogeous fruits of the peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and other legumes.
Hypogynium	A disc or cuplike structure below the ovary of some Cyperaceae.
Hypogynous bristle	Hairlike filaments arising from the base of the achene in some species of Cyperaceae.
Hypogynous ovary	Referring to a flower in which 1) the sepals, petals, and stamens are free from one another and arise from beneath the ovary, e.g., the flowers of Ranunculaceae or 2) bristles or other structures as well as stamens arise from below the ovary, e.g., the bristles of some species of Cyperaceae and the modified bracts of species of Poaceae. Compare with epigynous and perigynous.
Icthyochory (icthyochorous)	Referring to the process by which diaspores are moved from one place to the other (dispersed) by fish. Same as fish seed dispersal.
Igapó	A Portuguese term referring to forest growing in areas periodically indundated by acidic, black-colored water (also called white water).
Igapó	A Portuguese term referring to forest growing in areas periodically indundated by acidic, black-colored water (also called white water). See Prance (1979) for more information about forests subjected to inundation in Amazonia. See Prance (1979) for more information about forests subjected to inundation in Amazonia.
Imbricate	Referring to a type of aestivation in which the sepals or petals overlap at the adjacent edges or to the overlapping leaf bases as found in some species of Bromeliaceae.
Imbricate-contorted aestivation	A type of aestivation in which one edge of the structure (e.g., a petal) is above and the other below the structure on each side of it.
Immersed	Embedded in the substance of a structure. Compare with impressed.
Imparipinnada	Se refiere a una hoja compuesta que posee un foliolo impar en la porción distal. Comparar con paripinnada
Imparipinnate leaf	Pinnate with an uneven number of leaflets, i.e., with a terminal leaflet. Same as odd pinnate.
Imperfect flower	Referring to a flower that possesses only male (= staminate flower) or female (= pistillate flower) flowers .
Impressed	Sunk below the surface as if pressed in; e.g., some leaf veins in relation to the rest of the leaf surface. Compare with immersed.
Impressed	Sunken below the surface as if pressed in; e.g., some leaf or seed veins in relation to the rest of the leaf or seed surfaces.
Included	Not protruding from a structure, such as the stamens from the corolla. Opposite of exserted.
Incross	In flowering plants, the production of viable seed by the movement of pollen from one flower to another flower of the same plant..
Indehiscent	Not opening; usually applied to fruits that remain closed at maturity. Opposite of dehiscent.
Indehiscent fruit	Referring to a fruit that does not open via an operculum.
Indeterminate	Referring to an inflorescences whose main axis continues to grow; i.e., is not terminated by a flower (e.g., a raceme); referring to the compound leaf of Guarea (Meliaceae) in which the tip of the rachis has the potential to continue growing.
Indeterminate inflorescence	Referring to an inflorescences whose main axis continues to grow; i.e., is not terminated by a flower (e.g., a raceme or spike); also referring to the compound leaf of Guarea (Meliaceae) in which the tip of the rachis has the potential to continue growing
Index Herbariorum	a href="https://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/"Index Herbariorum/a (the abbreviation is IH) provides codes (called acronyms) for the herbaria of the world with more than 5,000 specimens. In addition, it gives the essential information about the number of specimens, important collections, a list of staff, and a summary of the specialties of the herbaria and their staff. The IH is published electronically which enables updating the information periodically and allows for the data to be retrieved through searches. For example, assume that a user wanted to find out if there were specialists in Sapotaceae, he or she could type the family name into the specialty box and Sapotaceae specialists in all registered herbaria will be listed. The current manager of IH is Dr. Barbara Thiers, the Director Emerita of the Herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden. Please contact bthiers@nybg.org for all IH inquiries.
Indusium (plural = indusia)	Usually referring to the protective covering of the sporangia of some ferns, but sometimes used to refer to other structures; e.g., the stylar outgrowth of species of Goodeniaceae.
Indusium false (plural = indusia false)	Referring to an indusium formed by the enrolled leaf margins of a fern.
Inferior ovary	An ovary in which the floral parts (calyx, corolla, and stamens) arise from the summit; e.g., in Rubiaceae and Asteraceae.
Inflorescence	The structure in which the flower or flowers are displayed on a plant.
Inflorescence	The structure in which the flower or flowers are displayed on a plant.
Infra adjacent secondary vein	Referring to the relationship of two secondary veins, in this case referring to a secondary vein that is below another (i.e., in a basal or proximal position in relationship to the other).
Infracalycine zone	The area between the calycine ring and the pedicel scar in a fruit of Lecythidaceae.
Infracalycine zone rounded	The infracalycine zone is rounded from the calycine ring to the pedicel scar thereby giving the fruit a cup-like shape.
Infracalycine zone tapered	The infracalycine zone tapers from the calycine ring to the hypanthium/pedicel
Infracalycine zone truncate	An ovary or a fruit which abruptly turns inward from the calycine rim to the pedicel/hypanthium. Same as truncate fruit.
Infrafoliar inflorescence	An inflorescence that arises from the branches (ramiflorous) or trunk (cauline) below the leaves.
Infraspecific variation	Morphological and anatomical variation with a species.
Infructescence	The structure in which fruits are displayed on a plant.
Infundibular	Usually referring to a corolla in the shape of a funnel but can also be applied to other structures with a similar shape.See funnelform.
Inner bark	The functional phloem that occupies the region between the most recent periderm and the vascular cambium.
Inner bark	All tissure surrounding the trunk and stems from the vascular cambium inward, i.e., the living bark tissue.

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