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Term	Definition
Cloud forest	A mid-elevation vegetation type often covered in clouds. Cloud forest is dominated by low, snarled trees covered with mosses and liverworts. Species of orchids are abundant in this vegetation type and tree ferns are often conspicuous. Depending on local climate, distance from the sea, and isolation from other mountain ranges, cloud forest can be found between 500 and 4000 meters but it is most frequent between 1000 and 2000 meters.
Cloud forest	A mid-elevation vegetation type often covered in clouds. Cloud forest is dominated by trees covered with mosses and liverworts. Species of orchids are abundant in this vegetation type and tree ferns are often conspicuous. Depending on local climate, distance from the sea, and isolation from other mountain ranges, cloud forest can be found between 500 and 4000 meters but it is most frequent between 1000 and 2000 meters.
Coevolution	A reciprocal process in which adaptations of one organism promote adaptations in another; e.g., the nocturnal anthesis of a cup-shaped flower and the elongated snout of a bat that pollinates that flower.
Coherent	Coming into contact but not fused; e.g., the anthers of species of Asteraceae and Campanulaceae. Same as connivent.
Coiled pedicel	A pedicel that coils like a spring after the fruits start to form, a mechanism found in a few species of plants and functions to bring the fruits closer to the ground, presumably to make it easier for animals to disperse the seeds.
Coleoptera	An order of insects including the beetles and weevils. Species of Coleoptera, can be pollinators and predators of plants.
Collecting equipment	The equipment needed to collect plants in both temperate and tropical regions. Access the attached PDF for a list of essential equipment used by the senior author of this glossary. For more information about plant collecting see Tropical Plant Collecting: From the Filed to the Internet. This book can be purchased at: http://tecceditora.com/ or Amazon.com.
Collection number	A unique number assigned to a plant collection that includes the name of the collector and a number. Collection numbers should start from 0 and continue sequentially throughout the career of the collector. The collection number of the collection represented by the attached label is Mori et al. 20100. Note that when there are more than two collectors all but the person's name who numbers the collection is reduced to et al. (= and others). For more information about plant collecting see Tropical Plant Collecting: From the Filed to the Internet. This book can be purchased at: http://tecceditora.com/ or Amazon.com.
Colleter	In Lecythidaceae, a multicellular, unbranched glandlike structure found along leaf blade margins. Up to the present only Cariniana estrellensis has been shown to have colleters.
Columella (pl. = columellae)	A woody outgrowth that descends into the fruit from the interior, middle of the operculum.
Column	In the Orchidaceae, the structure formed by the fused androecium and gynoecium.
Column foot	In the Orchidaceae, the fleshy continuation of the base of the column, often more prominent in fruit.
Coma (Comose)	Referring to a structure, such as a seed, the bears tufts of hairs. Wind-dispersed seeds are often comose.
Complanate	A sphere that is flattened at both poles.
Complanate	A sphere that is flattened at both poles or a sphere that is shorter in height than it is in width. The term can refer to both three- and two-dimensional shapes.
Complete flower	A flower with all whorls of floral parts; i.e., calyx, corolla, stamen(s), and gynoecium. Compare with incomplete flower.
Compound	Referring to an organ, such as a leaf, which is divided into smaller units; i.e., leaflets. Opposite of simple.
Compound leaf	Referring to a leaf which is divided into smaller units; i.e., leaflets. Opposite of simple.
Compound pistil	A gynoecium composed of more than one carpel, same as compound ovary.
Concave	Curved inward or hollowed out, as the surface of a saucer or the margin of a leaf blade. Opposite of convex.
Conifer (adj. = coniferous)	Referring to shrubs or trees having cones as their reproductive structures, e.g., pines, spruces, firs,
Connate	Referring to similar structures fused to each other, such as the petals of a sympetalous corolla. Same as fused. Compare with adnate and connivent.
Connivent	Coming into contact but not fused; e.g., the anthers of species of Asteraceae and Campanulaceae.
Contractile roots	Referring to a root that elongates and then contracts, usually to keep a bulb, corm, or rhizome at a certain level in the ground.
Contrafuerte	Proyección leñosa y angosta, localizada entre las raíces secundarias superficiales y la base del tronco de algunos árboles. Ver raíz tabular.
Contraligule	In Cyperaceae, a projection at the summit of the leaf sheath opposite the insertion of the leaf blade.
Convex	Curved outward, as the exterior surface of a sphere. Opposite of concave.
Cordada, cordado (cordiforme)	Con forma de un corazón; como la forma de las hojas de algunas especies de Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae)
Cordate	Heart-shaped; e.g., the two dimensional shape of a leaf blade, bract, petal., etc.
Cordate (cordiform)	Heart-shaped; e.g., the two dimensional shape of a leaf blade, bract, petal., etc.
Cork	Protective tissue located on the outside of stems, branches, and roots, consisting of the phellogen or cork cambium, the phellem or cork to the outside, and the phelloderm to the inside. Same as periderm.
Cork cambium	The actively dividing tissue that produces cork to the outside and phelloderm to the inside.
Cork warts	Very small brown to reddish-brown dots that appear on the abaxial leaf blade surfaces of some species of Lecythidaceae. They are also called punctations in descriptions by various authors.
Corm	A fleshy below ground storage organ derived from the base of the stem.
Cormlets	Small corm that are produced at the base of a corm.
Cornucopia phenology	A flowering strategy in which a many flowers are produced each day over a relatively long time.
Corolla	The second whorl of floral parts; the collective term for the petals.
Corolla lobe	In a symetalous corolla, the upper, free segments.
Corolla throat	In a sympetalous corolla, the opening into the corolla tube.
Corolla tube	In a gamopetalous corolla, the lower fused part.
Corona	A structure located between the petals and the stamens of some flowers and derived from either of these organs; e.g., in Passiflora (Passifloraceae), some Apocynaceae subfamily Asclepiadoideae, and some Melastomataceae.
Corpusculum	A structure connecting the two translators of the pollinia of Apocynaceae subfamily Asclepiadoideae, sometimes referred to as the “gland.”
Corrugate	Having the suface of an organ wrinkled or wavy.
Cortex	The tissue in a stem or root between the epidermis and the vascular tissue.
Cortex	A band of tissue in a stem or root between the bark and the vascular tissue. The cortex is made of of large, thin-walled parenchyma cells.
Cortical bundle	Referring to a a vascular bundle that penetrates the cortex of the stems of plants.
Cortical bundle	A vascular bundle found in the cortex of a stem.
Costa (adj. = costate)	A rib, sometimes to describe the midrib of a leaf or leaflet or to describe a raised line, less conspicuous than a wing, that extends down an organ such as a hypanthium or a fruit. A costa is less obvious than a wing.
Cotyledon	The leaves (one in monocots and two in dicots) of an embryo that often emerge when the seed germinates. Some cotyledons, however, remain within the seed coat.
Cotyledons	Seed leaves, i.e., the embryonic leaves.
Cotyledons	Seed leaves, i.e., the embryonic leaves.
Cotyledons absent	A massive embryo that shows no obvious cotyledons
Cotyledons absent (= embryo macropodial)	A massive embryo that shows no obvious cotyledons.
Cotyledons arched	Cotyledons that are bowed in such a way that there is an air space between which is usually an adaptation for water dispersal.
Cotyledons bowed	Referring to cotyledons that are arched in such a way that they form an air chamber thought to aid in dispersal, either by the wind or by water.
Cotyledons carnose	Cotyledons thick and providing nutrition to the developing embryo and seedling. When the cotyledons are carnose in the Sapotaceae endosperm is usually lacking. Same as cotyledons fleshy.
Cotyledons cryptocotylar	A type of seed germination in which the cotyledons remain within the seed coat at germination. Compare with phanerocotylar.
Cotyledons cryptocotylar	Cotyledons that remain within the seed coat at germination. In the Lecythidaceae the seed coat is thin and fragile and breaks apart as the embryo increases in size.
Cotyledons epigeal	At germination the cotyledons emerge from the seed coat above the ground.
Cotyledons epigeal	At germination the cotyledons emerge from the seed coat above the ground.
Cotyledons fleshy	Cotyledons very thick, not leaf-like; e.g., the cotyledons of a bean.
Cotyledons fleshy, irregular (= cotyledons plano-convex)	Seed leaves (= cotyledons) that are fleshy and irregular.
Cotyledons foliaceous (= cotyledons leaf-like)	Cotyledons that look like leaves but differ in their opposite instead of alternate attachment. Same as cotyledons leaf-like which is the preferred term.
Cotyledons foliaceous (=cotyledons leaf-like)	Referring to cotyledons that are not carnose but instead are thin and leaf-like. In the Sapotaceae, species with foliaceous cotyledons generall have endosperm.
Cotyledons hypogeal	A type of seed germination in which the cotyledons are retained below the ground.
Cotyledons leaf-like	Cotyledons that look like leaves.
Cotyledons leaf-like (= cotyledons foliaceous)	Cotyledons that look like leaves but differ in their opposite instead of alternate attachment.
Cotyledons phanerocotylar	A type of seed germination in which the cotyledons emerge from the seed coat at germination..
Cotyledons plano-convex (= cotyledons fleshy, irregular)	Same as cotyledons fleshy. We no longer use plano-convex because the cotyledons are very irregular and are not plano-convex as in, for example, the embryo of species of Gustavia.
Crassinucellate ovules	The presence of two or more cell layers between the megasporophyte and the epidermal cells in the early development of the megasporophyte which will develop into the ovule.
Crassinucellate ovules	The presence of two or more cell layers between the megasporophyte and the epidermal cells in the early development of the megasporophyte. The megasporophyte develops into the embryo sac which contains the egg that, if fertilized and the conditions are right, will develop into the embryo.
Crenate (diminutive = crenulate)	Referring to margins with the teeth rounded at the apex. Compare with serrate.
Cretaceous Period	A geological time period that is part part of the Mesozoic Era beginning about 144 million years ago and ending about 65 million years ago. See the University of California Museum of Paleontaology at http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/index.php for more information.
Cross-pollination	Pollination of flowers with pollen from a flower of the same species but from another plant.
Cross-section	A cut at right angles to the long axis of an organ. Same as transverse section.

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