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Term	Definition
Raquis	Eje de una hoja compuesta (excluido el peciolo), o de una inflorescencia (excluido el pedúnculo); por ejemplo, en las Leguminosas, el raquis es la parte del eje de las hojas que sostiene a las hojuelas
Ray flower	A zygomorphic flower with a straplike corolla found in Asteraceae. Compare with disk flower.
Recepticle	The thickened part of the pedicel from which the flower organs or the fruits arise. In some accessory fruits, for example the pome and strawberry, the receptacle gives rise to the edible part of the fruit.
Receptive stigma	The time when pollen grains placed on the stigma by a pollinator are able to germinate and, thus, the nuclei they contain can potentially fertilize the egg which then has the chance to grow into an embryo, then become a seedling, and finally a reproductive plant itself.
Recurved	Curved backward.
Reed stem	In some Orchids (e.g. Epidendrum), this term refers to having stems that are long and relatively slender, commonly with leaves scattered along the stem.
Reflexed	Abruptly bent backward or downward.
Regular flower	A flower, capable of being divided, by more than one line passing through the middle of the flower, into two equal parts that are mirror images of one another; e.g., in Gustavia (Lecythidaceae), species of Myrtaceae, and species of Rubiaceae. Same as actinomorphic, polysymmetric, and radially symmetrical flowers and opposite of zygomorphic, monosymmetric, bilateral, and irregular flowers. This term can refer to other plant parts as well.
Reniform	Kidney-shaped.
Repent	Creeping flat along the ground, usually referring to stems growing along the ground that produce roots at their nodes. Same as prostrate.
Replum	A thin membrane that runs from one side of the fruit to the other side of the fruit in many Brassicaceae that persists after the fruits have dehisced and the seeds have been dispersed, i.e., it is the partition between the two compartments or locules of the fruits.
Reproductive biology	In this glossary, all terms that refer to asexual and sexual reproduction in the broadest sense.
Respiration	In plants, the process of oxidizing sugars to obtain energy for growth and reproduction. This yields carbon dioxide and water as byproducts.
Restinga	Portuguese term referring to a diverse array of vegetation found on sandy soil in a narrow band along the Brazilian coast between the high-tide mark and taller forests farther inland.
Resupinate	Turned 180° in development; e.g., flowers of the Orchidaceae in which the lip originates in the uppermost position but twists 180° so it facing downward at anthesis. Most orchids have resupinate flowers.
Reticulate	Netted, like the veins of many leaves.
Reticulate tertiary venation	Tertiary venation anastomosing with other tertiary veins or with the secondary veins (Hickey, 1973)
Reticulate venation	Referring to the venation of a leaf which forms a network.
Retrorse	Directed downward or backward. Opposite of antrorse.
Retuse	Notched slightly at the apex.
Revolute	With the margin inrolled toward the abaxial surface. Compare with involute.
Rhizome	A prostrate stem below the ground that sends off rootlets and vertical stems or leaves; in the Poaceae, lateral underground stems that collectively constitute a “sod” from which leafy stems emerge.
Rimose	Fissured or cracked, as the bark of some trees.
Ring nectary (= nectary ring-like)	A raised, circular ridge found between the attachment of the androecium and the base of the style that produces nectar.
Riparian	Referring to plants and animals that growi or live along streams or rivers.
Riverine	See riparian.
Rosette	An arrangement of leaves radiating from the base of the stem and usually placed close to the ground.
Rostellum (plural = rostella)	The portion of the stigma of some Orchidaceae that separates the anther from the fertile part of the stigma and aids in gluing the pollinia to the pollinators; a small beak.
Rosulate	Referring to a cluster of leaves arranged in a rosette.
Rounded	Referring to a leaf blade that is curved at the apex with an angle greater than 90 degrees at the point where the two sides meet.
Rugose (diminutive = rugulose)	Having a wrinkled surface.
Rugose hypanthium	Refers to a hypanthium with a wrinkled surface.
Ruminate endosperm	Testa or seed coat folded into the endosperm; e.g., that of many species of Annonaceae, Myristicaceae, and Arecaceae.
Runner	A slender stolon that periodically roots to produce an offshoot of the original plant.
Running buttress	A thick, rounded buttress that extends along the ground several meters or more from the trunk. Compare with flying buttress and plank buttress.
Rupicolous	Dwelling among rocks.
Sagittate	Shaped like an arrowhead.
Salient	Raised from the surface, usually referring to veins of leaves.
Salient	Markedly raised above the surface of an organ; e.g., the midrib on the abaxial side of the leaf blade in most species of neotropical Lecythidaceae.
Salverform	Referring to the shape of a sympetalous corolla in which the tube is slender and the lobes are abruptly spreading and flat. Same as hypocrateriform and more frequenly used by authors than that term.
Samara	An indehiscent, winged fruit; e.g., those of Machaerium spp. and Vataireopsis spp. (Fabaceae).
Sap	A free-flowing exudate that can be translucent, colorless, yellow, orange, or red. It is not as thick and viscous as latex.
Saprophyte	A heterotrophic plant that is without chlorophyll, lives on decayed plant material, and usually depends on a symbiotic relationship with a fungus to obtain food.
Sapwood	The outer functional part of the xylem, i.e., the living part of the xylem that transports water and nutrients to the leaves. Same as soft bast.
Sarcotesta	Estructura carnosa que se origina en el tegumento y recubre a la semilla. Comparar con eleosoma y arilo.
Sarcotesta	A layer arising from the integument of a seed. Compare with aril and elaiosome.
Sarcotesta	A fleshy layer of the seed coat that attracts animals and aids in seed dispersal.
Savanna (also spelled savannah)	A type of vegetation with scatttered shrubs and relatively small, often contorted trees with thick bark and grasses and sedges dominating the understory.
Saxicolous	Referring to a plant that prefers growing in rocky habitats.
Scalariform	Arranged as in the rungs of a ladder; ladderlike.
Scale	Any thin, scarious bract or bracteole (usually representing a vestigial leaf found along the stems of some achlorophyllous plants such as species of Voyria (Gentianaceae); the bracteole subtending a flower of Cyperaceae; in pteridophytes, similar structures most commonly found on the rhizomes and stipe and less commonly on the fronds.
Scallop marks	A non-technical term used to describe Irregular, shallow depressions on the external surface of bark.
Scape (scapose)	A leafless, often bracteate peduncle that arises from near the base of the plant; e.g., in Xyris (Xyridaceae) and many terrestrial Orchidaceae.
Scarious	Parchmentlike; thin and dry.
Scatter-hoarding	A type of secondary seed dispersal in which some of the diaspores are carried away and intentionally buried or stored (cached) by scatter-hording animals such as agoutis (Dasyprocta spp.) while the other diaspores are eaten and digested, e.g., the dispersal of Brazil nut seeds by agoutis. Same as dysozoochorous.
Schizocarp	A dry fruit that splits into several parts (each called a mericarp), each usually with a single seed; e.g., in Apiaceae, most lianas of Malpighiaceae, some Malvaceae, and Serjania spp. (Sapindaceae).
Secondarily indehiscent fruit	Fruits that are hypothesized to have evolved indehiscent fruits from ancestors with dehiscent fruits.
Secondary hemiepiphyte	Referring to a plant (e.g., various species of Araceae) that grows from the ground onto its support and later loses its connection with the ground. Compare with epiphyte, hemiepiphyte, and primary hemipiphyte.
Secondary leaflet	The second division of a compound leaf.
Secondary pollen presentation	The presentation of pollen to the pollinator in a place other than the anther; e.g., on the style of Vochysiaceae.
Secondary pollen presentation	The presentation of pollen to the pollinator in a place other than the anther.
Secondary rachis	The rachis from which the second order of leaflets arise or the flowers from the second order of branching of an inflorescence.
Secondary vegetation	Vegetation that develops after disturbance by humans or forces of nature.
Secondary vein	A leaf vein arising from the midrib or primary vein. Same as lateral vein.
Secondary vein	A secondary vein is the second thickest vein in a leaf which arise from the midrib (= primary vein) (Hickey, 1973).
Secondary vein decurrent	Referring to a secondary vein that curves downward along the midrib.
Secondary venation	The second order of venation in a leaf blade, i.e., the veins that arise from the midrib.
Secund	Referring to leaves, branches, flowers, or other structures that arise or seem to arise from one side of an axis; e.g., the flowers of Heliotropium (Boraginaceae).
Seed	The mature ovule that contains the embryo within the seed coat.
Seed coat (= testa)	The outer covering of a seed. Same as testa.
Seed coat (= testa)	The outer covering of a seed derived from the integuments of the ovule.
Seed dormancy	Referring to seeds that do not germinate until some time after they are dispersed. Many species of secondary forests, e.g. species of Cecropia, may remain dormant for years until the right conditions become available for their germination.
Seed germination lateral	The seed germinates from the side.
Seed germination terminal	The seed germinates at the ends.
Seed wing circumferential	A wing completely surrounding the circumference of the seed.

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