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Term	Definition
Filaments clavate	Club-shaped, i.e., the filaments are unidimensional toward the base and then abruptly expanded in diameter toward the apex.
Filaments curved	Filaments that arise from the staminal ring of zygomorphic-flowered Lecythidaceae and curve inward.
Filaments golf club-shaped.	A filament that is unidimensional for the lower third of the length and enlarged and shaped like the head of an old fashioned golf club driver.
Filaments reflexed	Filaments that arise from the inside of a staminal tube that abruptly turn downward as found in all species of Allantoma and Grias.
Filaments sigmoid-shaped	Refers to filaments that are S-shaped to a more-or-less degree.
Filaments straight	Filaments that do not deviate in direction throughout their length, i.e., they do not form an arch or do not turn abruptly downward. This type is less frequentyl called filament erect.
Filaments tapered	A filament that arises from the staminal ring and gradually increases in diameter from the base to the apex.
Filaments terete	Filaments with cross sections circular in outline.
Filaments unidimensional	Filaments that are the same diameter throughout their length.
Fimbriate	Fringed on the margin with trichomes coarser than those of a ciliate margin.
Flabellate (flabelliform)	Fan-shaped; i.e., broadly wedge-shaped.
Flag	The upper, broad petal of Fabaceae. Same as banner, standard, and flag with standard the preferred term.
Flagellate (flagelliform)	Whiplike.
Flagelliflorous	A plant with a whiplike inflorescence that usually hangs below the crown.
Flexuous	Bent alternately in opposite directions.
Floating aquatic plant	A plant that occurs on the surface of a lake or pond without attachment by roots to the soil at the bottom of the lake or pond upon which it grows.
Flora	A book in which all of the species of a given group of plants for a given geographic area are described and illustrated to some extent. In addition, dichotomous keys used for indentification are provided.
Floral aromas	Aromas emitted by plants to attract pollinators. These aromas can be extracted from plants by enclosing the flowers in bags or glass globes and then pumping the air from around the flowers through a tube with adsorbents. The samples are passed though a Gas Chromatograph and the chemical composition of the aromas of different flowers are identified by comparing the samples with a database of known compounds (Knudsen & Mori, 1996). There is a correlation between different floral aromas and the pollinators that visit the flowers.
Floret	In the Poaceae, the term includes the lemma and palea as well as the enclosed flower; sometimes used to refer to the flowers of Asteraceae.
Flower bisexual	A flower with a functional androecium (the male part of the flower and all parts derived from it) and a functional gynoecium (the female part of the flower).
Flower oxidizes bluish-green	When the flower is bruised, the color at the point of the bruise turns bluish-green.
Flowering associated with leaf flush	A phenological strategy in which a tree drops its leaves, flowers when the canopy is leafless or partially leafless, and flushes new leaves after flowering or flowers at about the same time that new leaves are flushed; i.e., there is some association between flowering and leaf fall and flush.
Flowering not associated with leaf flush	A phenological strategy in which there is no apparent relationship between leaf drop, leaf flush, and flowering.
Flowering plant	A plant whose seeds are borne within a fruit derived from a carpel or carpels.
Flowering plant life cycle	Referring to the alternation of generations between the gameophyte (haploid) and sporophyte (diploid) stages of a floweirng plant. The most conspicuous stage of the life cycle is the sporophyte generation whereas the gametophyte generation is small and inconspicuous. Flowering plants are heterosporous because they have two different kinds of spores, the pollen grain and the embryo sac which contains a egg.
Flying buttress	Buttress of a tree trunk that is elevated above the ground. Compare with plank buttress and running buttress.
Fodder pollen	Pollen that does not germinate and serves as a pollinator reward. This has been demonstrated in Couroupita guianensis and Lecythis pisonis (Mori et al., 1980) and is hypothesized for other species that appear to have staminodes on the inside of a flat hood or in stamens on the ligular side of the staminal ring.
Fodder pollen	Pollen that does not germinate and serves as a pollinator reward. This has been demonstrated in Couroupita guianensis and Lecythis pisonis (Mori et al., 1980) and is hypothesized for other species that appear to have staminodes on the inside of a flat hood or in stamens on the ligular side of the staminal ring.
Foliaceous	Leaflike; often used to describe cotyledons.
Foliolate	With leaflets; e.g., 3-foliolate or trifoliolate is a leaf with three leaflets.
Follicle	A dry or somewhat fleshy or leathery, dehiscent fruit formed from a single carpel and opening along a ventral suture; e.g., the fruit of Apocynaceae subfamily Asclepiadoideae.
Forb	Any non-woody flowering plant that is not a grass, sedge, or rush
Forb	A herbaceous flowering plant that is not graminoid (grasses, sedges and rushes).
Formicarium (plural = formicaria)	An ant domatium which is usually a swollen chamber associated with the petioles (e.g., species of Hirtella and Tococoa) or a hollow stem (e.g., Tachigali and Cecropia).
Fornicate	Arched. Same as recurved.
French spikes (= griffes or grimpettes in French)	Two iron spikes in the form of a half circle with three spikes at the apex and three spikes opposite a small platform that the collector stands on. These spikes are made by Lacoste et fils (12 av. Pasteur, 24160 Excideuil, France) and can be purchased through their web site at www.lacoste-outillage.com. For more information about plant collecting see Tropical Plant Collecting: From the Filed to the Internet. This book can be purchased at: http://tecceditora.com/ or Amazon.com.
Friable	Brittle; e.g., the bark of Chrysobalanaceae, which breaks into many small pieces when cut with a machete.
Frond	Rerring to the leaves of ferns and the most conspicuous part of the sporophyte generation of this group of plants..
Frugivore	An animal that eats fruit.
Fruit oxidizes bluish-green	When the fruit is bruised, the color at the point of the bruise turns bluish-green.
Fruit white lenticellate	A pericarp with the outer surface with scattered white dots.
Fruto apocárpico	Es un fruto compuesto que tiene los carpelos separados, independientes; procede de un gineceo apocárpico
Fruto sincárpico	Es un fruto compuesto que tiene los carpelos connados; procede de un gineceo sincárpico
Fugacious	Falling off early. Same as caducous.
Functionally indehiscent fruit	A circumscissile fruit that opens via an operculum (lid) but the seeds are trapped inside because the size of the opening is smaller than the size of the seeds.
Funicle	The cord that attaches the ovule and subsequently the seed to the fruit wall.
Funicle (funiculus)	The cord that attaches the ovule and subsequently the seed to the fruit wall.
Funículo	Es la estructura filamentosa que conecta al óvulo con el ovario y subsecuentemente a la semilla con la pared del fruto
Funneliform	Usually referring to a corolla in the shape of a funnel but can also be applied to other structures with a similar shape.
Fused (fusion)	Referring to similar structures fused to each other, such as the petals of a sympetalous corolla. Same as connate. Compare with adnate and connivent.

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