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Term	Definition
Contraligule	In Cyperaceae, a projection at the summit of the leaf sheath opposite the insertion of the leaf blade.
Convex	Curved outward, as the exterior surface of a sphere. Opposite of concave.
Cordada, cordado (cordiforme)	Con forma de un corazón; como la forma de las hojas de algunas especies de Nymphaea (Nymphaeaceae)
Cordate	Heart-shaped; e.g., the two dimensional shape of a leaf blade, bract, petal., etc.
Cordate (cordiform)	Heart-shaped; e.g., the two dimensional shape of a leaf blade, bract, petal., etc.
Cork	Protective tissue located on the outside of stems, branches, and roots, consisting of the phellogen or cork cambium, the phellem or cork to the outside, and the phelloderm to the inside. Same as periderm.
Cork cambium	The actively dividing tissue that produces cork to the outside and phelloderm to the inside.
Cork warts	Very small brown to reddish-brown dots that appear on the abaxial leaf blade surfaces of some species of Lecythidaceae. They are also called punctations in descriptions by various authors.
Corm	A fleshy below ground storage organ derived from the base of the stem.
Cormlets	Small corm that are produced at the base of a corm.
Cornucopia phenology	A flowering strategy in which a many flowers are produced each day over a relatively long time.
Corolla	The second whorl of floral parts; the collective term for the petals.
Corolla lobe	In a symetalous corolla, the upper, free segments.
Corolla throat	In a sympetalous corolla, the opening into the corolla tube.
Corolla tube	In a gamopetalous corolla, the lower fused part.
Corona	A structure located between the petals and the stamens of some flowers and derived from either of these organs; e.g., in Passiflora (Passifloraceae), some Apocynaceae subfamily Asclepiadoideae, and some Melastomataceae.
Corpusculum	A structure connecting the two translators of the pollinia of Apocynaceae subfamily Asclepiadoideae, sometimes referred to as the “gland.”
Corrugate	Having the suface of an organ wrinkled or wavy.
Cortex	The tissue in a stem or root between the epidermis and the vascular tissue.
Cortex	A band of tissue in a stem or root between the bark and the vascular tissue. The cortex is made of of large, thin-walled parenchyma cells.
Cortical bundle	Referring to a a vascular bundle that penetrates the cortex of the stems of plants.
Cortical bundle	A vascular bundle found in the cortex of a stem.
Costa (adj. = costate)	A rib, sometimes to describe the midrib of a leaf or leaflet or to describe a raised line, less conspicuous than a wing, that extends down an organ such as a hypanthium or a fruit. A costa is less obvious than a wing.
Cotyledon	The leaves (one in monocots and two in dicots) of an embryo that often emerge when the seed germinates. Some cotyledons, however, remain within the seed coat.
Cotyledons	Seed leaves, i.e., the embryonic leaves.
Cotyledons	Seed leaves, i.e., the embryonic leaves.
Cotyledons absent	A massive embryo that shows no obvious cotyledons
Cotyledons absent (= embryo macropodial)	A massive embryo that shows no obvious cotyledons.
Cotyledons arched	Cotyledons that are bowed in such a way that there is an air space between which is usually an adaptation for water dispersal.
Cotyledons bowed	Referring to cotyledons that are arched in such a way that they form an air chamber thought to aid in dispersal, either by the wind or by water.
Cotyledons carnose	Cotyledons thick and providing nutrition to the developing embryo and seedling. When the cotyledons are carnose in the Sapotaceae endosperm is usually lacking. Same as cotyledons fleshy.
Cotyledons cryptocotylar	A type of seed germination in which the cotyledons remain within the seed coat at germination. Compare with phanerocotylar.
Cotyledons cryptocotylar	Cotyledons that remain within the seed coat at germination. In the Lecythidaceae the seed coat is thin and fragile and breaks apart as the embryo increases in size.
Cotyledons epigeal	At germination the cotyledons emerge from the seed coat above the ground.
Cotyledons epigeal	At germination the cotyledons emerge from the seed coat above the ground.
Cotyledons fleshy	Cotyledons very thick, not leaf-like; e.g., the cotyledons of a bean.
Cotyledons fleshy, irregular (= cotyledons plano-convex)	Seed leaves (= cotyledons) that are fleshy and irregular.
Cotyledons foliaceous (= cotyledons leaf-like)	Cotyledons that look like leaves but differ in their opposite instead of alternate attachment. Same as cotyledons leaf-like which is the preferred term.
Cotyledons foliaceous (=cotyledons leaf-like)	Referring to cotyledons that are not carnose but instead are thin and leaf-like. In the Sapotaceae, species with foliaceous cotyledons generall have endosperm.
Cotyledons hypogeal	A type of seed germination in which the cotyledons are retained below the ground.
Cotyledons leaf-like	Cotyledons that look like leaves.
Cotyledons leaf-like (= cotyledons foliaceous)	Cotyledons that look like leaves but differ in their opposite instead of alternate attachment.
Cotyledons phanerocotylar	A type of seed germination in which the cotyledons emerge from the seed coat at germination..
Cotyledons plano-convex (= cotyledons fleshy, irregular)	Same as cotyledons fleshy. We no longer use plano-convex because the cotyledons are very irregular and are not plano-convex as in, for example, the embryo of species of Gustavia.
Crassinucellate ovules	The presence of two or more cell layers between the megasporophyte and the epidermal cells in the early development of the megasporophyte which will develop into the ovule.
Crassinucellate ovules	The presence of two or more cell layers between the megasporophyte and the epidermal cells in the early development of the megasporophyte. The megasporophyte develops into the embryo sac which contains the egg that, if fertilized and the conditions are right, will develop into the embryo.
Crenate (diminutive = crenulate)	Referring to margins with the teeth rounded at the apex. Compare with serrate.
Cretaceous Period	A geological time period that is part part of the Mesozoic Era beginning about 144 million years ago and ending about 65 million years ago. See the University of California Museum of Paleontaology at http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/index.php for more information.
Cross-pollination	Pollination of flowers with pollen from a flower of the same species but from another plant.
Cross-section	A cut at right angles to the long axis of an organ. Same as transverse section.

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