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Term	Definition
Axile placentation	A type of ovule arrangement in which the ovules arise from placental tissue derived from the apices of the septa of a locule. In this type of placentation the apices of the septa are fused or in very close proximity to one another.
Banner	The upper, broad petal of Fabaceae. Same as standard, banner, and vexillum with standard the preferred term.
Basal placentation	A type of placentation in which the ovules arise from the base of the locule.
Bilabiate	Two-lipped, usually referring to zygomorphic calyces and corollas such as those found in the Lamiaceae.
Bilaterally symmetrical flower	A flower capable of being divided into only two equal parts (mirror images) by a line passing through the middle of a flower, i.e., other lines passing the middle of the flower will not give mirror images of one another; same as zygomorphic, monosymmetric, and irregular flowers and opposite of actinomorphic, monosymmetric, radially symmetrical, and regular flowers. This term can refer to other plant parts as well.
Bilocular	Having two locules.
Binucleate pollen	Referring to pollen grains that have two nuclei when shed from the anthers. Compare with trinucleate pollen.
Biseriate perianth	Referring to a perianth with two whorls or rows; i. e. with both calyx and corolla. Compare with uniseriate.
Bisexual flower	Referring to a flower with a functional androecium and a functional gynoecium. Same as perfect.
Bracteole	A small bract usually inserted on the pedicel.
Bracteoles above articulation	Bracteoles inserted above the articulation in the pedicel/hypanthium continuum of Lecythidaceae.
Bracteoles below articulation	Bracteoles inserted below the articulation in the pedicel/hypanthium continuum of Lecythidaceae.
Callus	A thickened part of an organ; e.g., in some Orchidaceae, the fleshy outgrowth of the labellum, or in the Poaceae, the hardened base of the spikelet or floret just above the point of disarticulation.
Calycine	Belonging to the calyx; e.g., in species of Lecythidaceae, the calycine rim, or line of scars left by the calyx.
Calyx (plural = calyces)	The outer circle or first whorl of floral parts; a collective term for the sepals.
Calyx tube	In a gamosepalous calyx, the lower fused part; less commonly, in Ericaceae with inferior ovaries, the proximal portion of the calyx fused with the ovary wall which is the same as hypanthium in other flowering plants.
Calyx-lobe	Similar to sepal but used to describe the lobe of a calyx with the sepals fused at their bases and with free lobes at the apex; less frequenly to describe species of some families that have inferior ovaries with the lower part of the calyx hypothesized to be fused to the ovary at the base but with free lobes departing from the apex of the ovary.
Carpel	The fundamental unit of the gynoecium, often considered to be a folded, specialized leaf.
Carpellate flower	Referring to unisexual flowers with functional gynoecia but without functional stamens (staminodes may be present). Same as female or carpellate flowers.
Caudical	In some species of Orchidaceae, an extension of the pollinium which is part of the pollen mass and produced within the anther.
Caudicle	See translator.
Choripetalous corolla	Haviing petals free from one another. Same as polypetalous; opposite of gamopetalous and sympetalous.
Clavuncle	The expanded distal part of the style, including the stigma, in some species of Apocynaceae. Same as style head.
Clinandrium	In the Orchidaceae, the portion of the column upon which the anther is borne; the columnar tissue surrounding or covering the anther.
Coiled pedicel	A pedicel that coils like a spring after the fruits start to form, a mechanism found in a few species of plants and functions to bring the fruits closer to the ground, presumably to make it easier for animals to disperse the seeds.
Colporate pollen	Referring to a pollen grain with composite apertures, each consisting of a furrow and a pore.
Colpus (plural = colpi)	An elongated aperture in the wall of a pollen grain.
Column	In the Orchidaceae, the structure formed by the fused androecium and gynoecium.
Column wing	In the Orchidaceae referring to a broadening of the column towards the apice which is normally lateral, but may be curved upward or downward.
Commissure	In the Apiaceae, the structure by which two carpels join one another.
Complete flower	A flower with all whorls of floral parts; i.e., calyx, corolla, stamen(s), and gynoecium. Compare with incomplete flower.
Compound pistil	A gynoecium composed of more than one carpel, same as compound ovary.
Connective	The tissue connecting the thecae of the anther and sometimes prolonged beyond its apex.
Convolute	Referring to a type of aestivation in which one margin of a petal or sepal is always to the outside of the adjacent one and the opposite margin is always to the inside of the adjacent one.
Coralline	Referring to a structure (e.g., corona) that appears like a corolla.
Corolla	The second whorl of floral parts; the collective term for the petals.
Corolla lobe	In a symetalous corolla, the upper, free segments.
Corolla throat	In a sympetalous corolla, the opening into the corolla tube.
Corolla tube	In a gamopetalous corolla, the lower fused part.
Corona	A structure located between the petals and the stamens of some flowers and derived from either of these organs; e.g., in Passiflora (Passifloraceae), some Apocynaceae subfamily Asclepiadoideae, and some Melastomataceae.
Corpus	Body; e.g., the main part of the style head in Apocynaceae.
Corpusculum	A structure connecting the two translators of the pollinia of Apocynaceae subfamily Asclepiadoideae, sometimes referred to as the “gland.”
Crassinucellate ovules	The presence of two or more cell layers between the megasporophyte and the epidermal cells in the early development of the megasporophyte which will develop into the ovule.
Diadelphous stamens	Stamens united into two, often unequal, sets; e.g., those of many Fabaceae, which have nine stamens in one set and one stamen in the other.
Didynamous stamens	With two pairs of stamens of unequal length.
Differentiated anthers	Referring to anthers that bear two types of pollen: 1) fertile pollen that is transferred to other flowers to effect fertilization and 2) sterile (= fodder) pollen that serves as a pollinator reward. The two types of pollen may differ in their ability to germinate, in their color (fodder pollen is often yellow), and in their morphology (e.g., the fertile anthers of Couroupita guianensis are in monads and the sterile ones are in tetrads), and their location (e. g., the fertile anthers are near the stigma and the sterile ones are in a group separate from the stigma in many species of Swartzia.
Diplostemony (diplostemonous)	With two series of stamens; those of the outer series inserted opposite the sepals, those of the inner series inserted opposite the petals. Compare with obdiplostemonous. Diplostemony is sometimes very difficult to determine in flowers at anthesis but becomes apparent with microtome and SEM studies of bud development of obdiplostemony which is also applicable to diplostemony (Endress, 2010).
Disc	A fleshy, lobed, or annular nectariferous structure found within flowers; the position can be either outside or within the stamens. Preffered spelling is disc. Not to be confused with disk flower in the Asteraceae.
Disk flower	An actinomorphic flower with a tubular corolla found in Asteraceae. Compare with ray flower.
Double calyx	A calyx with two apparent whorls; e.g., the calyx of Amphilophium painculatum.
Ectoaperture	The external part of the opening into a pollen grain. Compare with endoaperture.
Ektexine	The outermost layer of the wall of a pollen grain.
Elaiophore	An outgrowth of the flower that secretes oils collected by pollinators.
Enantiostylous	Referring to different flowers on the same plant, some with styles protruding to the right and others to the left of the main axis; i.e., to opposite sides of the axis.
Endoaperture	The internal part of the opening into a pollen grain. Compare with ectoaperture.
Epicalyx	A whorl of bracts on the pedicel, similar to sepals, and inserted below the calyx; most commonly found in species of Malvaceae..
Epichile	In the Orchidaceae, the apical portion of a complex lip.
Epigynous ovary	Referring to a flower in which all or some of the floral parts (i.e., the sepals, petals, and stamens) arise from the summit of the ovary; e.g., species of Asteraceae and Rubiaceae.
Epipeltate anther	An anther with the filament attached above the base and with the part of the anther that is prolonged downward facing toward the center of the flower; e.g., in the Dracaenaceae.
Epitropous	Referring to a type of anatropous ovule in which the raphe is next to the placenta when the ovule is pendulous or away from the placenta when the ovule is ascending.
Equator	In a pollen grain, the area midway between the poles.
Exine	The outer layer of the two-layered wall of a pollen grain. Compare with intine.
External flap	In the Lecythidaceae, a flap that extends outward from the inner coil of the androecial to cover at least part of the top of the androecial hood. This structure is only fully developed in species of Couratari although incipient external flaps are found in several species of Eschweilera (e.g., Eschweilera cyathiformis and E. ovalifolia).
Extrastaminal	Outside of the stamens; e.g., the discs of Sapindaceae.
Extrastaminal disc	A fleshy, lobed, or annular nectariferous structure found within flowers located outside of the stamens. Preferred spelling is disc. Not to be confused with disk flower.
Eyespot	A more or less circular mark, usually on a petal that may serve as a nectar guide; e.g., often found on the standard of species of Fabaceae.
Faucal appendages	Scalelike structures located in the throat of the corolla of species of Boraginaceae subfamily Boraginoideae.
Female flower	Referring to unisexual flowers with functional gynoecia but without functional stamens (staminodes may be present). Same as staminate flower.
Filament	The stalk of the stamen terminated by the anther; in Orchidaceae, the sterile portion of the stamen forming part of the column.
Flag	The upper, broad petal of Fabaceae. Same as banner, standard, and flag with standard the preferred term.
Floral aromas	Aromas emitted by plants to attract pollinators. These aromas can be extracted from plants by enclosing the flowers in bags or glass globes and then pumping the air from around the flowers through a tube with adsorbents. The samples are passed though a Gas Chromatograph and the chemical composition of the aromas of different flowers are identified by comparing the samples with a database of known compounds (Knudsen & Mori, 1996). There is a correlation between different floral aromas and the pollinators that visit the flowers.
Floral cavity	A minute cavity on the dorsal side of Wolfia and Wolfiella (Lemnaceae) in which flowers are produced; note that vegetative buds are not produced in this cavity.
Floral tube	A tube formed by the fusion of sepals, petals, or both, or as an outgrowth of the hypanthium. Nectar often accumulates within the floral tube.
Floret	In the Poaceae, the term includes the lemma and palea as well as the enclosed flower; sometimes used to refer to the flowers of Asteraceae.
Fodder pollen	Pollen that does not germinate and serves as a pollinator reward. This has been demonstrated in Couroupita guianensis and Lecythis pisonis (Mori et al., 1980) and is hypothesized for other species that appear to have staminodes on the inside of a flat hood or in stamens on the ligular side of the staminal ring.

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