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Term	Definition
Twig	A small branch of a tree to which the leaves are attached, i.e., the ultimate, leaf-bearing branch.
Twig	A branch of a tree of Lecythidaceae to which the leaves are attached, i.e., the ultimate, leaf-bearing branch.
Two-ranked	Referring to structures that are arranged in two rows; usually referring to the way in which leaves or bracts are inserted on an axis. Same as distichous.
Type	"A nomenclatural type (typus) is that element to which the name of a taxon is permanently attached, whether as the correct name or as a synonym. The nomenclatural type is not neccessarily the most typical or or representative element of a taxon." This quotation is from The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Vienna Code) 2006. The ICBN is updated every five years based on recommendations sent to the ICBN Committe and discussed at the International Botanical Congress which meets at different places in the world. The latest ICBN is available online (http://ibot.sav.sk/icbn/main.htm) and as hardcopy.
Type specimen	A specimen chosen to represent a species and is cited as such in the publication in which the species is described. There are different types of types, e.g. see holotype, isotype, syntype. The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature now requires that one specimen be designated as the holoytpe.
Umbel	A convex- or flat-topped inflorescence with all pedicels arising from the same point.
Umbela	Una inflorescencia distalmente convexa, cuyos pedicelos salen de un mismo punto de inserción. Las umbelas compuestas son típicas de las Apiaceae y algunas especies de Araliaceae y Smilacaceae
Umbell	A convex- or flat-topped inflorescence with all pedicels arising from the same point.
Umbellate	Like an umbel.
Umbo	A relatively small protrusion usually in the middle of a structure; e.g., the operculum of a fruit.
Umbonate	Referring to a structure, such as a fruit apex, that possesses an umbo.
Uña	Es la parte baja, delgada y alargada de un pétalo libre. Por ejemplo, en las Malpighiaceae, algunas leguminosas y Lagerstroemia speciosa de Lythraceae. Ver unguiculado.
Unbranched inflorescence	An inflorescence with a single rachis.
Uncinate	Hooked at the apex.
Uncinate	Hooked at the apex, usually refers to stiff trichomes that stick in the fur or clothing of animals to facilitate seed dispersal.
Understory Score	0-25 scale of the % understory complement present compared to an "ideal" state, and % of that understory modified or disturbed in some way
Understory tree	A tree growing in a hypothetical stratum in the forest consisting of the crowns of trees found below the canopy and usually less than 20–25 meters tall at maturity.
Understory tree	A species of tree in which adult individuals do not reach the more-or-less continuous canopy tree layer of a forest.
Undulate	Wavy, usually referring to the margin of a structure such as a leaf.
Undulation (adj. = undulate)	Wavy, usually referring to the margin of a structure such as a leaf.
Unguiculada, unguiculado	Se refiere va aquellos pétalos libres que están abruptamente adelgazados y algo alargados hacia la base, es decir, provistos de una uña. Lo mismo que uñado.
Unguiculate	Referring to a structure, such as a petal, the is abuptly constricted toward the base (having a claw). Same as clawed.
Uni-	A prefix meaning one.
Unicate collection	Referring to a collection number that is represented by a single herbarium specimen. Unicate collections are made when additional collections are not available, when a plant is rare and permission has been obtained to make a collection that does not adversely impact the population from which it is collected, or when a species is so well known that the only reason for collecting it is to document its presence in a specific locality. For more information about plant collecting see Tropical Plant Collecting: From the Field to the Internet. This book can be purchased at: http://tecceditora.com/ or Amazon.com.
Unifacial	Referring to a leaf with the same type of tissue on each side as observed in a transverse section.
Unifoliate	Referring to a plant with one leaf.
Unifoliolate leaf	A leaf appearing to be simple but believed to be derived from an ancestor with a compound leaf, commonly found in species of Fabaceae.
Unilaterally winged seed	Referring to a seed wing that arise from one side.
Unilocular	Referring to an ovary with a single locule.
Uniseriado	Se aplica a un perianto que posee un sólo verticilo, ya sea que esté conformado por el cáliz o por la corola; e.g., el perianto de Nyctaginaceae y Thymelaeaceae. Este término también se aplica a pelos pluricelulares, cuyas células están dispuestas en una sola hilera, en sentido longitudinal.
Uniseriate perianth	Referring to a perianth with a single whorl composed of either the calyx or the corolla; e.g., the perianth of Nyctaginaceae and Thymelaeaceae.
Unisexual flower	Referring to a flower with either functional stamens or functional gynoecia but not both. Same as imperfect flower.
Unitegmic ovule	An ovule with one integument.
Upper	See adaxial.
Upper septum	In neotropical Lecythidaceae, the part of a wall-like partition of a locule located above an articulation (often only seen as a thin line), as seen in longitudinal section, that divides the septum into a lower part and an upper part.
Urceolate	Shaped like an urn, same as urn-shaped.
Urn-shaped	Shaped like a vase that is wide at the base and narrower at the apex. Same as urceolate.
Urticaceous stamens	Stamens that spring forward to release pollen at anthesis; typical of the flowers of the Urticaceae and some related families.
Urticant	Causing itching or stinging when touched.
Urticating trichomes	Trichomes that cause itching or burning sensations such as in some species of Euphorbiaceae and Urticaceae; sometimes called urticating hairs but urticating trichomes is preferred because it limits the term to plants. Urticating trichomes are thought to protect the plant from predators.
Utricle	A small, one-seeded, somewhat inflated, usually indehiscent fruit; e.g., in some species of Caryophyllaceae, Lemnaceae, and Plumbaginaceae; the inflated basal chamber formed by the perianth of Aristolochia (Aristolochiaceae); in Cyperaceae, see perigynium.
Utriculate	In the shape of a bladder.
UV pattern	Markings on a flower that are only seen under ultra-violet light by humans or to insects without being exposed to UV light. These markings usually serve as honey guides to the insects.
Vacuole	A space or cavity within the cell.
Vaginate	Possessing a sheath; e.g., used to describe the petiole base of some species of Piper.
Valva	Cada uno de los segmentos de un fruto dehiscente que hipotéticamente representa a un carpelo del ovario
Valvate (adjj.)	A type of aestivation in which the edges of the sepals and petals meet exactly and do not overlap (compare with imbricate); referring to the opening of an anther by small flaps; e.g., in Lauraceae.
Valve	One of the segments of an ovary each of which is hypothesized to represent a carpel or one of the segments of a dehiscent fruit.
Variegated leaves	Having streaks, marks, or patches of different colors; e.g., the immature leaves of some species of Calathea (Marantaceae) and several species of Psychotria (Rubiaceae), and the mature leaves of Cyclopogon olivaceus (Orchidaceae).
Variety (abbreviation = var.)	A subdivision of subspecies, i.e., a rank between and subspecies and a form.
Várzea	A Portuguese term referring to forest growing in areas periodically indundated by alkaline, café au lait-colored water (also called white water).
Várzea	A Portuguese term referring to forest growing in areas periodically indundated by alkaline, café au lait-colored water (also called white water). Do not confuse white-water with rapidly flowing water of rapids and waterfalls. See Prance (1979) for more information about forests subjected to inundation in Amazonia.
Vascular	Referring to the xylem and phloem.
Vascular bundle	In the angiosperms, separate strands of phloem and xylem cells that transport water and nutrients to the leaves and photosynthate (carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis) to other parts of the plant.
Vascular trace	That part of a vascular bundle extending from the vascular cylinder of the stem into the base of the leaf.
Vegetative	The reproductive parts of a plant, e.g., the leaves, stems, and roots.
Vegetative reproduction	Referring to non-sexual reproduction, by ramets developing from stolons, sprouts from rhizomes, budding from the leaves, tubers, or bulblets.
Veinlet	See venule.
Velamen	A spongy covering of one or two layers of cells derived from the epidermis and surrounding the roots of Orchidaceae and Araceae. The velamen is usually white and functions to absorb mineral-rich water when it rains.
Velum	Membranous flap of tissue; in Siparuna (Siparunaceae), a perforated flap of tissue at the apex of the flower.
Velutinous	Velvety; covered with short, soft, spreading hairs.
Venation	The network or pattern of vascular tissue (veins) in a leaf or other organ.
Ventral	See adaxial.
Ventricose	Inflated or swollen on one side.
Venule	The ultimate division of the venation of a leaf blade.
Vermiform	Wormlike.
Vernation	The arrangement of leaves in the bud.
Verrucose	Warty.
Versátil	Término que se aplica a la antera cuyo punto de inserción con el filamento es en la parte dorsal y más arriba de la base, de modo que se puede mover
Versatile anther	A stamen in which the filament is attached to the anther above the base of the anther.
Verticil	A whorl of structures; e.g., leaves or bracts.
Verticilada	Se refiere cuando tres o más órganos se encuentran dispuestos en el mismo plano e insertos en un mismo nudo alrededor de un tallo; por ejemplo, a las hojas en un tallo. Comparar con alterna y opuesta
Verticillaster	A pair of cymes arising from the axils of opposite leaves or bracts such that they falsely appear to be in a verticil; e.g., in some Acanthaceae and Lamiaceae.
Verticillate	Arising from an axis in groups of more than two at the same node; e.g., leaves along a stem or flowers along a rachis. Same as whorled. Compare with alternate and opposite.
Very narrowly elliptic	Referring to a two-dimensional shape with the widest point at the middle and tlength to width ratio of 6:1 or more.

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