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Term	Definition
Syncephalous	Referring to an inflorescence of fused capitula.
Synflorescence	A number of separate inflorescences clustered such that they appear as a single inflorescence; e.g., in Monotagma spp. (Marantaceae).
Syngynesious anthers	Anthers cohering in a ring; e.g., in the Asteraceae.
Synonym (adj. = synonymous)	A plant name that represents the same species of another name that is valid, e.g., Lecythis minor Jacq. was published in 1763 and subsequently Lecythis elliptica Kunth was published in 1825. By the law of priority, Lecythis elliptica is a synonym of Lecythis minor.
Synsepalous calyx	Having sepals united for at least part of their length. Same as gamosepalous.
Syntype	Any of two or more specimens cited in a species description in which a holotype type was not designated.
Synzoochorous	A type of dispersal in which the diaspore is not ingested but is deliberately carried away from the parent plant by animals, mostly in their mouths, to eat in another place. Includes stomatochorous and dysozoochorous dispersal.
Systematics	The study of diversification of life on earth, both past and present, and the relationships of living things through time, i.e., their evolutionary relationships. Some authors equate systematics and taxonomy where others distinguish the two by limiting systematics to the study of evolutionary relationships and taxonomy to the discovery and description of taxa.
Systematist	A scientist who studies systematics.
T-shaped	Referring to a trichome attached in the middle to a stalk.
Tack-shaped	The form of an operculum that possesses a woody extension from the middle of its interior. The opeculum and its extension appear like a large tack.
Tahuampa	A Spanish term referring to forest growing in areas periodically indundated by alkaline, café au lait-colored water (also called white water).
Taiga	Referring to the coniferous forests extending across much of subarctic North America and Eurasia; also know as boreal forests.
Tanniferous	Containing or yielding tannin.
Tannin	General term for a heterogeneous group of secondary, water-soluble plant compounds derived from phenols that often give a dark appearance to the cells in which they are found.
Taproot	A large primary root, markedly larger than other roots arising from it, that may persist in adult plants and is characteristic of dicots. Compare with fibrous roots.
Taxon (plural = taxa)	A taxonomic unit regardless of rank, such as family, genus, or species.
Taxonomist	A scientist who studies taxonomy.
Taxonomy	The sudy and description of variation of organisms and the subsequent classification and naming of that variation. Some authors equate systematics and taxonomy whereas others distinguish the two by limiting systematics to the study of evolutionary relationships and taxonomy to the discovery and description of taxa.
Teca	Es la cámara de una antera en la que se produce el polen
Tendril	Coiled or spring-like extensions of a stem, stipules, leaves, part of a leaf, inflorescence that assist in climbing into shrubs and trees. Common iin Bignoniaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Passifloraceae, Sapindaceae, Vitaceae, and other plant families.
Tendril at right angle	Referring to a tendrial that arises at a right angle to the leaf, e.g., species of Cucurbitaceae.
Tendril axillary	A tendril that arise in the axil of a leaf blade, e.g., species of Passiflora.
Tendril leaf opposed	A tendril that arises opposite the insertion of a leaf; for example, Parthenocissus quinquefolia and many othe species of Vitaceae.
Tendrillate	Bearing tendrils or tendril-like structures.
Tenuinucelada, tenuinucelado	Se refiere a la nucela que está compuesta de la epidermis y el saco embrionario. Comparar con crassinucelada.
Tenuinucellar	Referring to a nucellus composed of the epidermis and an embryo sac. Compare with crassinucellar.
Tepal	A uniseriate perianth in which it can not be determined if the segments are sepals or petals, e.g., the segments of the perianth of a tulip.
Tépalo	Un segmento del perianto en el que los sépalos y pétalos no están claramente diferenciados; un segmento del perianto cuyo origen es desconocido, ya sea de los sépalos o pétalos
Tepui	A Spanish term referring to the flat-topped mountains of Venezuela, Colombia, Guyana, and Suriname that are dominated by a highly endemic flora.
Terete	Circular in transverse section.
Terminal	At the apex of an axis.
Terminal bud	A bud that terminates the end of a stem or a twig.
Terminal inflorescence	Referring to an inflorescences that arises from above the leaves
Terminal leaflet	In a pinnately compound leaf, the leaflet at the end of the rachis. Note that pinnately compound leaves with terminal leaflets are imparipinnate ( = odd pinnate).
Terminal style	Referring to a style that arises from the summit of the ovary.
Ternate leaves	In groupings of three; e.g., the ternately compound leaves of some species of Sapindaceae.
Terra firme	A Portuguese term referring to land not subject to periodic flooding. Same as tierra firme in Spanish or non-inundated forest in English.
Terra firme	A Portuguese term referring to land not subject to periodic flooding. Same as tierra firme in Spanish or non-inundated forest in English.
Terrestre	Que crece sobre el suelo. Se aplica a plantas cuyas raíces se desarrollan en el suelo.
Terrestrial	Growing upon the ground, referring to a plant with its root system anchored in the ground.
Tertiary vein	A tertiary vein is the third thickest vein in the leaf. They arise from the secondary veins (Hickey, 1973).
Tertiary venation	The third degree or third smallest veins in a leaf blade, arising from the secondary veins.
Tessellate	Arranged in small squares or patterned like a checkerboard.
test	—
Testa	See seed coat.
Tetra-	A prefix meaning four.
Tetrad	A group of four pollen grains.
Tetrad	Referring to pollen grains that remain in groups of four after meiois; in most species of flowering plants the tetrads separate into four monads immediately after meiosis.
Tetradynamous	Having four long stamens and two short stamens; e.g., in Brassicaceae.
Tetragonal	Four-angled.
Tetraploid	Having double the normal number of chromosomes, in this case the chromsome number is listed as 4N.
Thallus (adj. = thalloid)	A generalized term used to describe the prostrate axis of a plant that is not differentiated into stem, leaf, and root.
Theca (plural = thecae)	The chamber of an anther in which the pollen is produced.
Thorn	A sharp-pointed, aborted branch that is woody and has vascular tissue.
Three-ranked	See tristichous.
Thrum flower	One of two types of flowers found in some species in which the style is short and the stamens are long. Compare with pin flower; see also heterostyly.
Thyrse	An inflorescence in which the main axis is indeterminate and the lateral axes are determinate; i.e., a raceme of cymes.
Thyrsiform	Like a thyrse.
Tierra firme	A Spanish term referring to land not subject to periodic flooding. Same as terra firme in Portuguese.
Tomentose (diminutive = tomentellous)	Densely woolly; with a soft, wool-like pubescence.
Tomentum	A covering of short, soft, matted, or tangled hairs.
Torus	The thickened part of a pedicel from which the flowers or fruits arise. In some accessory fruits, for example the pome and strawberry, the receptacle gives rise to the edible part of the fruit.
Translator (=translator arm)	In the Apocynaceae subfamily Asclepiadoideae and Orchidaceae, the structure connecting the pollinia to the gland. Same as caudicle.
Translocate	Referring to the movement of sucrose though the phloem from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
Translucent	Transmitting light.
Transverse section	A cut at right angles to the axis of an organ. Same as cross section.
Transverse section	Same as a cross section.
Trap door	A small opening into the bladder of bladderworts (Lentibularia spp.) the function of which is to open and suck prey into the bladder when the trigger hairs (= trigger trichomes) are touched by the prey. The prey are then decomposed and the nutrients released are assimilated by the plant.
Trap line pollination	Movement of a pollinator from the flowers of one plant of a species to the flowers of another plant of the same species on a specific route that is repeated during the same day and on following days as long as the pollinator reward is sufficent to attract the pollinator.
Trapeziform	In the shape of a four-sided figure with only two parallel sides (a trapezoid).
Tree	An erect, usually single-stemmed, woody plant 5 centimeters or more dbh (diameter at breast height); some trees may have multiple trunks but at least some of the trunks are 5 centimeters or more in diameter. Compare with treelet.
Tree climbing	Because 68% of the plants in lowland rainforests (Mori et al., 2002) are trees or plants (e.g., lianas and epiphytes) that grow along tree trunks or in the crowns of trees) it is essential to be able to climb trees. Botanists have used the following methods to physically climb trees: peconha, French tree climbing spikes called griffes, single pronged spikes usually used to climb wooden telephone poles, the Swiss tree bicyle, and rope climbing. For more information about plant collecting see Tropical Plant Collecting: From the Filed to the Internet. This book can be purchased at: http://tecceditora.com/ or Amazon.com.
Treelet	An erect, single-stemmed, woody plant less than 5 centimeters dbh and more than 2 meters tall; differences between treelets and unbranched shrubs or trees are sometimes unclear. Compare with shrub and tree.
Trepadora herbácea	Planta leñosa trepadora. Comparar con liana.

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