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Term	Definition
Ovules	Structures that arise from placentae in the ovary locules. Among other cells, the egg and two polar nuclei are found in the ovule. After fertilization, the egg develops into an embryo and the polar nuclei develop into endosperm which, along with the seed coat, form the seed..
Ovules anatropous	Referring to a curved downwardly oriented ovule in such a way that the micropyle is close to the funicular attachment.
Ovules bitegmic	An ovule with two integuments.
Ovules horizontally oriented	Ovules projecting outward at right angles from the vertical axis of the ovary.
Ovules obliquely oriented downward	—
Ovules obliquely oriented upward	Ovules projecting upward at less than right angles from the vertical axis of the ovary.
Ovules pendulous	Ovules that hang downward from the septum at apex of the locule with the micropyle facing upward.
Ovules tenuinucellate	The presence of no cells or a single cell layer between the megasporophyte and the epidermal cells in the early development of the megasporophyte.
Ovules tenuinucellate	The presence of no cells or a single cell layer between the megasporophyte and the epidermal cells in the early development of the megasporophyte. The megasporophyte develops into the embryo sac which contains an egg that, if fertilized and the conditions are right, will develop into an embryo.
Óvulo	Estructura que después de la fertilización se transforma en la semilla. En las angiospermas, el óvulo tiene un saco embrionario que contiene a la célula-huevo y está encerrado dentro de el(los) lóculo(s) del ovario
Oxidation	The process of using oxygen to break down glucose to obtain energy. This results in the production of carbon dioxide and water as by products. Carbon dioxide and water are also released when forests are burned resulting in the release of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Pachycaul	A type of growth form in which the tree is unbranched (monocaulis) or sparsely branched, the stems are thick, and the leaves very large.
Pachycaul	A type of growth form in which the tree is unbranched (monocaulis) or sparsely branched, the stems are thick, and the leaves very large.
Pachycaulous	Referring to a growth form in which the branching is sparse and the higher-order branches and stems are not markedly diminished in thickness. Compare with leptocaulous.
Pachytesta	A seed coat formed mostly by the extended chalaza and not by the integument(s); note that the integument(s) can be reduced or developed in species with a pachytesta.
Palate	In the Lentibulariaceae and Scrophulariaceae, the space at the throat and limb of the corolla used by pollinating insects as a landing platform.
Pale	A bract found in the head of Asteraceae.
Palea	The upper of the two bracts that enclose the floret in the Poaceae. Compare with lemma.
Paleate (paleaceous)	Possessing pales.
Paleoherbs	A hypothesized clade of flowering plants including the Aristolochiales, monocots, Nymphaeales, and Piperales.
Paleotropics	Referring to that part of the earth in the Old World between the Tropic of Cancer at 23 degrees 27 minutes N and the Tropic of Capricorn at 23 degress 27 minutes S. These are the northern and southern latitudes at which the sun can be directly overhead at some time during the year.
Palinactinodromous	Referring to a type of leaf venation in which the primaries have one or more subsidiary points of radiation above the lowest point.
Palisade mesophyll	Referring to one or more layers of cells located directly under the epidermal cells of the adaxial leaf blade surface. The palisade mesophyll is oriented vertically and is longer than broad. Photosynthesis takes place in both palisade and spongy mesophyll.
Pallid	Pale in color.
Palmate	Referring to leaf venation in which the main veins of the blade radiate from a common point near the base or to compound leaves in which all leaflets radiate from a common point. See digitate. palmately lobed, palmatilobate,
Palmately veined	Referring to leaf venation in which the main veins of the blade radiate from a common point near the base.
Palmatinervia	Se refiere a la disposición radial de los nervios que nacen desde un punto común en la base de una hoja
Palmatisect	Digitately divided; arranged like the fingers of a human hand.
Pampas	A Spanish term referring to grass-dominated plains, especially those found in eastern Argentina.
pandurate	Fiddle-shaped.
Panicle	A compound raceme in which the primary branches are racemose, which, in turn, give rise to secondary and sometimes higher order racemose branches.
Pantanal	A tropical wetland and the world's largest wetland of any kind. It lies mostly within the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul but extends into Mato Grosso as well as into parts of Bolivia and Paraguay
Papilionaceous corolla	The zygomorphic corolla of most species of papilionoid legumes.
Papilionoid	Referring to flowers similar to those of Fabaceae subfamily Papilionoideae; e.g., those of the Polygalaceae.
Papilla (plural = papillae, adj. = papillate)	Small projections that are often found on leaf blade surfaces. Papillae usually represent modifications of the cuticle.
Papilla (plural = papillae; adj. = papillate)	Referring to an abaxial leaf blade surface or a stigma that bears minute protuberances that appear to be outgrowths of the cuticle of the leaf blade or of the stigma.
Papillae	Minute, rounded protuberances that may cover a surface, e.g., the abaxial leaf blade surfaceae.
Papirácea, papiráceo	Con textura de papel. Equivalente a foliácea.
Papo, pappus	Un cáliz modificado, con pelos, escamas o espinas, característico de muchas Asteraceae. Sinónimo de vilano.
Pappus	A modified calyx of hairs, scales, or bristles typical of many Asteraceae.
Papyraceous	Papery.
Paquicaule	Forma de crecimiento en la que el árbol no posee ramificaciones (monocaule) o es apenas ramificado, los tallos son gruesos y las hojas son muy grandes
Paracytic stomata	Referring to a stomatal type in which the two subsidiary cells are parallel to the long axis of the guard cells. The brachyparacytic type is the same as the paracytic type.
Paracytic stomata	Referring to a stomatal type in which the two subsidiary cells are parallel to the long axis of the guard cells. The brachyparacytic type is the same as the paracytic type.
Parallel venation	Generally applied to secondary or higher-order veins that are parallel to each other and to the margins of the leaf, sepal, or petal in which they occur but in monocots they are often numerous primary veins of the same size.
Parallelodromous	Referring to a leaf venation in which there are multiple parallel primary veins that originate at the leaf blade base and converge toward the leaf blade apex. Mostly restricted to monocotyledons. See Ellis et al. 2009 for more detailed descriptions of leaf characters.
Páramo	A Spanish term referring to a high-elevation, humid, Andean vegetation ranging from Venezuela to northern Peru.
Paraphyletic	A taxonomic group encompassing some but not all of the descendants of its most recent common ancestor.
Parásita	Se dice de un organismo que obtiene los nutrientes de un hospedante; por ejemplo, Helosis cayennensis (Balanophoraceae)
Parasite (parasitic)	An organism that obtains its nutrition entirely (e.g., Helosis cayennensis) or partly (e.g., Loranthaceae) from other plants.
Parenchyma	Ground tissue composed of mostly isodiametric, thin-walled cells that usually retain the ability to divide.
Parietal placentation	A type of placentation found in compound, unilocular ovaries in which the ovules arise from placentae inserted on the wall of the locule near the sutures.
Paripinnada	Dos veces pinnada; por ejemplo, las hojas de muchas especies de Fabaceae-Mimosoideae. Ver pinnada
Paripinnate leaf	Pinnate with an even number of leaflets; i.e., without a terminal leaflet. Same as even-pinnate and parapinnate..
Parthenogenic	The production of offspring from an egg without fertilization.
Patch Size Score	0-10 scale of forest block size (>2 hectare to >20 hectares)
Patelliform	Shaped like a kneecap; e.g., the glands of some species of Diospyros (Ebenaceae).
Patent	Spreading.
Pearl bodies	Glycogen-rich food bodies on the surfaces of the leaves of species of Pourouma (Cecropiaceae). Compare with Muellerian bodies.
Peciolo	Rabillo que une a la lámina de una hoja con el tallo o rama; en las hojas compuestas es el rabillo que está entre la inserción de la hoja en el tallo o rama y el par basal de foliolos
Peciólulo	Peciolo que sostiene a la hojuelas en las hojas compuestas. Hay varios órdenes de peciólulos en las hojas que son dos o más veces compuestas. En las hojas palmeadas-compuestas los peciólulos están dispuestos de manera radial desde un punto central
Peconha	For trees smaller than ten centimeters in diameter, a climber can use an adjustable loop called a peconha in Brazilian Portuguese. A peconha was traditionally made of bark fiber, but is now made of canvas.The climber places it around his feet, grips the tree with both hands and his looped-together feet, and essentially hops up the tree. For more information about plant collecting see Tropical Plant Collecting: From the Filed to the Internet. This book can be purchased at: http://tecceditora.com/ or Amazon.com.
Pectinate	Pinnately divided into many more or less parallel segments and resembling the teeth of a comb.
Pedaliform	Resembling the sole of a foot in shape.
Pedate	Palmately divided with the lateral divisions 2-cleft.
Pedatisect	Pedately divided with the sinuses nearly reaching the middle. Compare with pedate.
Pedicel	The stalk of the flower. Flowers without pedicels are called sessile.
Pedicel (adj. = pedicellate)	The stalk supporting some flowers.
Pedicel scar	The scar left by the stalk to which the fruit is attached.
Pedicel/hypanthium	The pedicel is articulate in all species of Lecythidaceae. In some species the hypanthium tapers to the articulation and resembles a pedicel and, in other species, the hypanthium is truncate and does not resemble a pedicel. Thus, everything from the calyx to the articulation and from the articulation to the rachis is called the pedicel/hypanthium.
Pedicel/hypanthium tapered to articulation	The pedicel/hypanthium is tapered gradually to the ariculation such that a true pedicel appears to be present
Pedicel/hypanthium truncate at articulation	There is no clear cut pedicel in this type of pedicel/hypanthium
Pedicelo	Estructura usualmente linear u oblonga que sostiene a la flor
Peduncle	The stalk of an inflorescence.
Peduncular bract	A bract on the peduncle in Arecaceae located on the main axis of the inflorescence between the prophyll and the first bract of the rachis; any bract associated with the peduncle; e.g., in the Orchidaceae.

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