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Term	Definition
Paraphyletic	A taxonomic group encompassing some but not all of the descendants of its most recent common ancestor.
Parasite (parasitic)	An organism that obtains its nutrition entirely (e.g., Helosis cayennensis) or partly (e.g., Loranthaceae) from other plants.
Parietal placentation	A type of placentation found in compound, unilocular ovaries in which the ovules arise from placentae inserted on the wall of the locule near the sutures.
Paripinnada	Dos veces pinnada; por ejemplo, las hojas de muchas especies de Fabaceae-Mimosoideae. Ver pinnada
Paripinnate leaf	Pinnate with an even number of leaflets; i.e., without a terminal leaflet. Same as even-pinnate and parapinnate..
Pearl bodies	Glycogen-rich food bodies on the surfaces of the leaves of species of Pourouma (Cecropiaceae). Compare with Muellerian bodies.
Peciolo	Rabillo que une a la lámina de una hoja con el tallo o rama; en las hojas compuestas es el rabillo que está entre la inserción de la hoja en el tallo o rama y el par basal de foliolos
Peciólulo	Peciolo que sostiene a la hojuelas en las hojas compuestas. Hay varios órdenes de peciólulos en las hojas que son dos o más veces compuestas. En las hojas palmeadas-compuestas los peciólulos están dispuestos de manera radial desde un punto central
Peconha	For trees smaller than ten centimeters in diameter, a climber can use an adjustable loop called a peconha in Brazilian Portuguese. A peconha was traditionally made of bark fiber, but is now made of canvas.The climber places it around his feet, grips the tree with both hands and his looped-together feet, and essentially hops up the tree. For more information about plant collecting see Tropical Plant Collecting: From the Filed to the Internet. This book can be purchased at: http://tecceditora.com/ or Amazon.com.
Pedicel	The stalk of the flower. Flowers without pedicels are called sessile.
Pedicel (adj. = pedicellate)	The stalk supporting some flowers.
Pedicel scar	The scar left by the stalk to which the fruit is attached.
Pedicel/hypanthium	The pedicel is articulate in all species of Lecythidaceae. In some species the hypanthium tapers to the articulation and resembles a pedicel and, in other species, the hypanthium is truncate and does not resemble a pedicel. Thus, everything from the calyx to the articulation and from the articulation to the rachis is called the pedicel/hypanthium.
Pedicel/hypanthium tapered to articulation	The pedicel/hypanthium is tapered gradually to the ariculation such that a true pedicel appears to be present
Pedicel/hypanthium truncate at articulation	There is no clear cut pedicel in this type of pedicel/hypanthium
Peduncle	The stalk of an inflorescence.
Peduncular bract	A bract on the peduncle in Arecaceae located on the main axis of the inflorescence between the prophyll and the first bract of the rachis; any bract associated with the peduncle; e.g., in the Orchidaceae.
Pellucid dots	Dots that transmit light when held against a light source, often observed on the leaves of some species of Myrtaceae and Rutaceae.
Peltate leaf	Referring to a leaf blade attached to the petiole by its lower surface rather than its margin; for example species of Nymphaea glandulifera, Hydrocotyle umbellata, and those illustrated for this term.
Peltate scale	A scale attached to a stalk by its lower surface rather than its margin; for example, the abaxial and adaxial surfaces of the leaves of Dendrobangia boliviana, the leaves of species of Duguetia, and the leaves of species of Croton and other species of Euphorbiaceae, and many species of Capparidaceae may have peltate scales.
Percurrent tertiary venation	Tertiaries from the opposite secondaries joining (Hickey, 1973)
Percurrent veins	Veins of the same order that run parallel to each another between veins of a higher order; e.g., tertiary veins and their orientation between secondary veins.
Perennial	A plant that lives and produces seeds for three or more years. Compare with annual and biennial.
Perfect flower	Referring to a flower that possesses both male (staminate) and female (pistillate) organs.
Perfoliate	Referring to a stem that penetrates two leaf bases that are completely fused together. When two leaf bases wrap around the stem the leaf is said to be amplexicaulous or clasping.
Perfoliate	Referring to a stem that with two leaf bases that are completely fused together, i.e., the leaves look as if their bases grew through the leaves.
Perforate	Provided with holes; e.g., the leaves of some species of Monstera (Araceae).
Perianth	The collective term for the calyx and the corolla, even when they are not differentiated (i.e., represented by tepals).
Pericarp	The wall of the fruit, which is usually made up of three layers: exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp.
Periderm	Protective tissue located on the outside of stems, branches, and roots, consisting of the phellogen or cork cambium, the phellem or cork to the outside, and the phelloderm to the inside. Same as cork.
Perigynium	A sac-like structure surrounding the ovary of some Cyperaceae, e.g.. Carex. Same as utricle.
Perigynous ovary	Referring to a flower in which the sepals, petals, and stamens arise from the rim of a cuplike hypanthium surrounding the ovary.
Persistent	Referring to a structure that remains attached. Opposite of deciduous.
Personal equipment	The personal equipment needed for doing prolonged expeditions to the neotropics. Access the attached PDF for a list of essential personal equipment used by the senior author of this glossary. For more information about plant collecting see Tropical Plant Collecting: From the Filed to the Internet. This book can be purchased at: http://tecceditora.com/ or Amazon.com.
Perula (plural = perulae, adj. = perulate)	A scale of a leaf bud. The same as bud scale.
Petal	An outermost segment of the corolla.
Petal apex reflexed	A petal apex that turns abruptly inward.
Petal lobe	A lobe of the corolla that arises from the corolla tube.
Petiole	The stalk of the leaf blade. The petiole and blade together equal the leaf
Petiole	The stalk of a leaf; in compound leaves, the stalk between the leaf attachment on the stem and the insertion of the first leaflet.
Petiole cross-section	A section of a petiole made at right angles to its length just below the start of the blade.
Petiolule	The stalk of a leaflet. Several different orders of petiolules may exist in leaves twice or more compound; those in a palmately compound leaf radiate from a common central point.
Phanerocotylar cotyledons	A type of seed germination in which the cotyledons emerge from the seed coat. Compare with cryptocotylar.
Phellem	A layer of suberized cells produced outwardly by the cork cambium.
Phelloderm	A layer of parenchyma produced inwardly by the cork cambium.
Phellogen	See cork cambium and periderm.
Phenology	The timing of vegetative and reproductive events in plants and their relationships with abiotic and biotic factors, e.g., flowering times in relationship with seasonal rainfall.
Phloem	The food-conducting tissue of vascular plants. In most woody plants, the inner bark is phloem.
Phloem arms	A segment of cross-shaped or star-shaped phloem as seen in cross (= transverse) section in some lianas, especially species of Bignoniaceae.
Phorophyte	.A plant, most often a tree, upon which an epiphyte grows.
Photosynthate	The carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis	The process by which green plants produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water utilizing radiant energy from the sun.
Photosynthetic bark	Refers to bark that harbors chlorophyll which gives at least some of the bark a green color. Most often plants with photosynthetic bark drop their leaves (are deciduous) at a certain time of year and whatever photosynthesis that takes place at that time is within the bark chlorophyll. Usually trees of species with photosynthetic bark grow under environmental stress at certain times of the year, e.g., during the dry season or when river levels rise and water covers the lower part of the trunk
Photosynthetic stems	Stems that harbor chlorophyll which gives them a green color. Often plants with photosynthetic stems drop their leaves (are deciduous) at a certain time of year and whatever photosynthesis that takes place at that time is within the stem chlorophyll. Usually plants with photosynthetic stems grow under environmental stress at certain times of the year, e.g., extremely dry periods during which considerable evapotranspiration would take place if the leaves were retained.
Phyllary (plural = phyllaries)	One of a series of overlapping bracts that subtends the capitulum (head) of Asteraceae.
Phylloclade	A branch that has taken on the form and function of a leaf.
Phyllode	A petiole and or rachis that has taken on the form and function of a leaf; e.g., in certain species of Acacia.
Pilose (diminutive = pilosulous)	A covering of long, soft, simple trichomes.
Pin flower	One of two types of flowers found in some species in which the style is long and the stamens are short. Compare with thrum flower; see heterostyly.
Pinnate	Feather-like; generally referring to the arrangement of veins along a midrib of a leaf blade or to leaflets along a rachis in a way that resembles the structure of a feather.
Pinnate (pinnately compound leaves)	Bearing leaflets along a common axis or rachis. See paripinnate and imparipinnate.
Pinnate venation	A type of venation pattern in which the secondary veins run parallel to each other from the midrib toward the margin.
Pinnately veined	Bearing the secondary veins along both sides and for the length of the midrib (primary vein).
Pinnule	A secondary or higher division of a compound leaf of ferns, in this example the marked pinnule is a primary pinnule which makes up the primary pinnule which, in turn, makes up the frond.
Pioneer	A species of plant that colonizes a deforested, barren, or disturbed area; e.g., many species of Cecropia (Cecropiaceae) are pioneer plants.
Pistil	The female part of the flower composed of the ovary, style, and stigma.
Pistillate flower	Referring to unisexual flowers with functional gynoecia but without functional stamens (staminodes may be present). Same as female flower.
Pistillate phase	Refers to species with bisexual flowers that release pollen and have receptive stigmas at different times over the course of floweirng, the pistillate phase is when the stigmas are receptive and the anthers either have or will release their pollen. This serves as a mechanism that promotes outcrossing, especially when the different phases are synchronous on the same plant.
Pith	The spongy ground tissue occupying the center of many stems.
Placenta (pl. = placentae)	The tissue within an ovary to which the ovules are attached or closely associated.
Placenta (plural = placentae)	The structure in the ovary to which the ovules are attached.
Placenta arched	A type of placentation in which the placenta arches from the top of the lower septum and gets progressively thicker toward the base as seen in medial longitudinal section.
Placenta columnar	A type of placentation in which the lower septum is only slightly expanded more-or-less equally throughout its length as seen in a medial longitudinal section.
Placenta flabellate	A type of placenta in which the ovules are inserted on placenta tissue that fans outward from the lower septum as viewed in medial longitudinal section.
Placenta incipient	A type of placenta which is barely expanded from the septum as seen in medial longitudinal section.

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