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Term	Definition
Ectoaperture	The external part of the opening into a pollen grain. Compare with endoaperture.
Ektexine	The outermost layer of the wall of a pollen grain.
Elaiophore	An outgrowth of the flower that secretes oils collected by pollinators.
Enantiostylous	Referring to different flowers on the same plant, some with styles protruding to the right and others to the left of the main axis; i.e., to opposite sides of the axis.
Endoaperture	The internal part of the opening into a pollen grain. Compare with ectoaperture.
Epicalyx	A whorl of bracts on the pedicel, similar to sepals, and inserted below the calyx; most commonly found in species of Malvaceae..
Epichile	In the Orchidaceae, the apical portion of a complex lip.
Epigynous ovary	Referring to a flower in which all or some of the floral parts (i.e., the sepals, petals, and stamens) arise from the summit of the ovary; e.g., species of Asteraceae and Rubiaceae.
Epipeltate anther	An anther with the filament attached above the base and with the part of the anther that is prolonged downward facing toward the center of the flower; e.g., in the Dracaenaceae.
Epitropous	Referring to a type of anatropous ovule in which the raphe is next to the placenta when the ovule is pendulous or away from the placenta when the ovule is ascending.
Equator	In a pollen grain, the area midway between the poles.
Exine	The outer layer of the two-layered wall of a pollen grain. Compare with intine.
External flap	In the Lecythidaceae, a flap that extends outward from the inner coil of the androecial to cover at least part of the top of the androecial hood. This structure is only fully developed in species of Couratari although incipient external flaps are found in several species of Eschweilera (e.g., Eschweilera cyathiformis and E. ovalifolia).
Extrastaminal	Outside of the stamens; e.g., the discs of Sapindaceae.
Extrastaminal disc	A fleshy, lobed, or annular nectariferous structure found within flowers located outside of the stamens. Preferred spelling is disc. Not to be confused with disk flower.
Eyespot	A more or less circular mark, usually on a petal that may serve as a nectar guide; e.g., often found on the standard of species of Fabaceae.
Faucal appendages	Scalelike structures located in the throat of the corolla of species of Boraginaceae subfamily Boraginoideae.
Female flower	Referring to unisexual flowers with functional gynoecia but without functional stamens (staminodes may be present). Same as staminate flower.
Filament	The stalk of the stamen terminated by the anther; in Orchidaceae, the sterile portion of the stamen forming part of the column.
Flag	The upper, broad petal of Fabaceae. Same as banner, standard, and flag with standard the preferred term.
Floral aromas	Aromas emitted by plants to attract pollinators. These aromas can be extracted from plants by enclosing the flowers in bags or glass globes and then pumping the air from around the flowers through a tube with adsorbents. The samples are passed though a Gas Chromatograph and the chemical composition of the aromas of different flowers are identified by comparing the samples with a database of known compounds (Knudsen & Mori, 1996). There is a correlation between different floral aromas and the pollinators that visit the flowers.
Floral cavity	A minute cavity on the dorsal side of Wolfia and Wolfiella (Lemnaceae) in which flowers are produced; note that vegetative buds are not produced in this cavity.
Floral tube	A tube formed by the fusion of sepals, petals, or both, or as an outgrowth of the hypanthium. Nectar often accumulates within the floral tube.
Floret	In the Poaceae, the term includes the lemma and palea as well as the enclosed flower; sometimes used to refer to the flowers of Asteraceae.
Fodder pollen	Pollen that does not germinate and serves as a pollinator reward. This has been demonstrated in Couroupita guianensis and Lecythis pisonis (Mori et al., 1980) and is hypothesized for other species that appear to have staminodes on the inside of a flat hood or in stamens on the ligular side of the staminal ring.
Funicle (funiculus)	The cord that attaches the ovule and subsequently the seed to the fruit wall.
Funneliform	Usually referring to a corolla in the shape of a funnel but can also be applied to other structures with a similar shape.
Fused (fusion)	Referring to similar structures fused to each other, such as the petals of a sympetalous corolla. Same as connate. Compare with adnate and connivent.
Gamopetalous corolla	Having petals united for at least part of their length. Same as sympetalous; Opposite of polypetalous and choripetalous.
Gamosepalous calyx	Having sepals united for at least part of their length. Same as synsepalous calyx.
Globally symmetrical pollen	In the Malpighiaceae, pollen with the pores not all in the same plane and the ectoapertures, if present, variously oriented.
Glume	A bract at the base of a spikelet in the Poaceae.
Gynobasic style	Referring to a style arising from the base of the ovary. Gynobasic styles are of two types: 1) the style is inserted laterally at the base of a syncarpous ovary as in Chrysobalanaceae and Rhabdodendraceae 2) the style arises from the center of an apocarpous ovary as in many species of Lamiaceae.
Gynoecium (plural = gynoecia)	The collective term for the pistillate structure (the pistils) of the flower. Compare with androecium.
Gynoecium apocarpous	Referring to a gynoecium of distinct carpels; e.g., many species of Annonaceae, Crassulaceae, Menispermaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, etc. Compare with syncarpous.
Gynoecium syncarpous	A gynoecium composed of fused carpels.
Gynophore	Stalk of the ovary; e.g., in Capparaceae and Simaroubaceae. Same as stipe.
Gynostegial corona	A corona derived from the gynostegium.
Gynostegium	The structure formed by the fusion of the stamens and the stigmatic region of the gynoecium in the Apocynaceae subfamily Asclepiadoideae. Compare with column in the Orchidaceae.
Gynostemium	In the Aristolochiaceae, a structure formed by the fusion of the stamens to the style and stigma.
Haplostemonous	Referring to an androecium with a single series of stamens in one whorl.
Heteranthery (adj. = heterantherous)	A flower that contains two types of pollen, one that germinates and is found in anthers and another that does not germinate and is found antherodes; the latter serves as a pollinator reward.
Heteranthery (heterantherous)	Heteromorphic stamens of a species of Swartzia from an unvouchered plant from Amazonas, Brazil. This is also called heteranthery and when there are only two variations in the morphology of a structure it can also be referred to as dimorphic. This species is apocarpic as evidenced by the separate styles, a rare occurence in legumes which in general have species with a single pistil. Same as differentiated anthers.
Heterochlamydeous	Referring to a flower with differentiated calyx and corolla; same as biseriate perianth. Compare with monochlamydeous.
Heterogamous	Having flowers of two or more different types; e.g., the heads of certain Asteraceae with both ligulate and disk flowers.
Heteromorphic stamens	Stamens of two distinct types; one type usually bears fertile pollen and the other type bears sterile or fodder pollen; e.g., Lecythis zabucajo (Lecythidaceae) and species of Senna (Fabaceae).
Homogamous	Possessing flowers of one kind; e.g., the heads of certain Asteraceae with only disk flowers; referring to flowers in which the anthers release pollen at the same time as the stigma(s) is (are) receptive.
Homostyly	A condition in which the style and stamen lengths are more or less the same in all individuals of a species. Opposite of heterostyly.
Honey guide	Same as nectar guide.
Hood	One of five hollow chambers of the corona of some species of Apocynaceae subfamily Asclepiadoideae; see androecial hood.
Horn	An flora appendage shaped like an animal’s horn; e.g., the horn of the corona of Apocynaceae subfamily Asclepiadoideae.
Hypanthium	A floral tube made up of fused parts of the perianth and sometimes including receptacular tissue. The tube may be free from the ovary as in perigynous flowers or it may be fused to the ovary as in epignynous flowers.
Hypochile	The basal portion of a complex lip in Orchidaceae.
Hypogynium	A disc or cuplike structure below the ovary of some Cyperaceae.
Hypogynous ovary	Referring to a flower in which 1) the sepals, petals, and stamens are free from one another and arise from beneath the ovary, e.g., the flowers of Ranunculaceae or 2) bristles or other structures as well as stamens arise from below the ovary, e.g., the bristles of some species of Cyperaceae and the modified bracts of species of Poaceae. Compare with epigynous and perigynous.
Hypopeltate anther	Referring to an anther with the filament attached above the base and with the part of the anther that is prolonged downward facing away from the center of the flower.
Imbricate-contorted aestivation	A type of aestivation in which one edge of the structure (e.g., a petal) is above and the other below the structure on each side of it.
Imperfect flower	Referring to a flower that possesses only male (= staminate flower) or female (= pistillate flower) flowers .
Incomplete flower	A flower with at least one of the whorls of floral parts missing; i.e., calyx, corolla, stamen(s), or gynoecium. Compare with complete flower.
Inferior ovary	An ovary in which the floral parts (calyx, corolla, and stamens) arise from the summit; e.g., in Rubiaceae and Asteraceae.
Integument	The outer covering of the ovule that develops into the testa or seed coat; it may be composed of one or two layers, the inner and outer integuments, respectively.
Intine	The inner layer of the two-layered wall of a pollen grain. Compare with exine.
Intrastaminal	Placed inside of the stamens; e.g., the discs of most Anacardiaceae and Meliaceae.
Intrastaminal disc	A fleshy, lobed, or annular nectariferous structure found within flowers between the stamens and the pistil. Preferred spelling is disc. Not to be confused with disk flower.
Intruded placenta	A parietal placenta that penetrates into the locule such that the placentation appears to be axile; e.g., in some species of Flacourtiaceae.
Involucrum	An adherent group of hairs arising from the style head in the Apocynaceae and often forming a ring that closes off the corolla. Sometimes called the ring.
Irregular flower	A flower capable of being divided into only two equal parts (mirror images) by a line passing through the middle of a flower, i.e., other lines passing the middle of the flower will not give mirror images of one another; same as zygomorphic, monosymmetric, and bilaterally symmetrical, flowers and opposite of actinomorphic, monosymmetric, radially symmetrical, and regular flowers. This term can refer to other plant parts as well.
Keel	Ridged like the bottom of a boat; same as carinate.The two lower, united petals of the flower of most species of Fabaceae subfamily Papilionoideae.
Labellum	Same as lip.
Laminar placentation	A type of parietal placentation in which the ovules arise along the surface (rather than the margins) of the carpels. Compare with marginal placentation; see placentation.
Lateral style	Referring to a gynobasic style that arises from the base and side of the ovary.
Lemma	The lower of the two bracts that enclose the floret of the Poaceae, located above the glumes. Compare with palea.
Ligulate flower	A zygomorphic flower with a straplike corolla found in the Asteraceae tribe Lactuceae. Differring from a ray flower by having five instead of three lobes.
Ligule coiled	Referring to a ligule of Lecythidaceae that coils inward one or more times. In species with coiled ligules, the coiled part with the vestigial stamens is called the androecial hood. Species of Eschweilera and Couratari are the only species that have coiled ligules and they are the only species that have nectaries hypothesized to be derived from vestigial stamens.
Ligule not coiled	Referring to a ligule of Lecythidaceae that does not make a full coil inward. On the Osa Peninsula only Lecythis mesophylla is known to have this type of ligule. It does, however, have vestigial stamens that are swept inward but they do not form a complete coils as found in species of Eschweilera and Couratari. In L. mesophylla, the hood is the part of the ligule that possesses vestigial stamens.

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