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<span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">A running list of geography odd&nbsp;situations and special cases that we come across in EMu</span></span>
==Geography Exceptions to the Rule==


Standardized administrative subdivisions grouped by geographical region
Please reference this page for odd or out-dated geographical terms and/or categorizations that you may encounter in the collection.




The primary (state/province-level) and secondary (county-level) administrative subdivisions of the following countries have been standardized. This list also includes the county-level suffix term, when applicable. Asterisks indicate regions that have not yet been thoroughly addressed.




=== <u>Mismatched Geography Hierarchy in EMu</u> ===


== Standardized administrative subdivisions grouped by geographical region ==


'''Azores''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal


The primary (state/province-level) and secondary (county-level) administrative subdivisions of the following countries have been standardized. This list also includes the county-level suffix term, when applicable. Asterisks indicate regions that have not yet been thoroughly addressed.
'''Bermuda''': country in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: North America (sometimes miscategorized in West Indies)  


'''Islas Canarias (Canary Islands)''': autonomous archipelago of Spain situated in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Spain


'''Easter Island (Rapa Nui, Isla de Pascua)''': island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not South America), Country: Chile, State/Province: Valparaíso


''North America*''
'''Hawaii''': state of the United States of America situated in the Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not North America), Country: United States of America


'''United States''': Co. following term, exceptions:
'''Madeira''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal


    Alaska: name only, no suffix
'''Navassa Island''': uninhabited island in the Caribbean, classified as a United States Minor Outlying Islands (the rest of which are in Oceania). Continent: West Indies
    Louisiana: “Parish” following name
    Virginia: includes independent cities in addition to counties, noted as “(Independent City)” following city name
    Nevada: includes one independent city in addition to counties (Carson City), noted as “Carson City (Independent City)”
 
'''Mexico''': Mun. following name
 
[Bermuda: no county-level list]
 
[Saint-Pierre et Miquelon: no county-level list]
 
 
''Central America''
 
'''Belize''': Mun., Town, City following name
 
'''Costa Rica''': (Canton) following name
 
'''El Salvador''': Mun. following name
 
'''Guatemala''': Mun. following name
 
'''Honduras''': Mun. following name
 
'''Nicaragua''': Mun. following name
 
'''Panama''': (Distr.) following name
 
 
 
''West Indies''
 
[Anguilla: no county-level list]
 
[Antigua and Barbuda: no county-level list]
 
[Aruba: no county-level list]
 
[Bahamas: no county-level list]
 
[Barbados: no county-level list]
 
[Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba: no county-level list]
 
[Cayman Islands: no county-level list]
 
'''Cuba''': Mun. following name
 
[Curaçao: no county-level list]
 
[Dominica: no county-level list]
 
'''Dominican Republic''': Mun following name
 
[Grenada: no county-level list]
 
'''Guadeloupe''': Comm. following name
 
'''Haiti''': Arrondissement following name
 
[Jamaica: no county-level list]
 
[Martinique: no county-level list]
 
[Montserrat: no county-level list]
 
'''Puerto Rico''': Barrio following name
 
[Saint Barthélemy: no county-level list]
 
[Saint Kitts and Nevis: no county-level list]
 
[Saint Lucia: no county-level list]
 
[Sint Maarten: no county-level list]
 
[Saint Martin: no county-level list]
 
[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: no county-level list]
 
[Turks and Caicos Islands: no county-level list]
 
[Virgin Islands (U.K.): no county-level list]
 
'''Virgin Islands (U.S.)''': (Subdistrict) following name
 
 
 
''South America''
 
'''Argentina''': (Dept.) following name
 
'''Bolivia''': (Prov.) following name
 
'''Brazil''': Mun. following name
 
'''Chile''': (Prov.) following name
 
'''Colombia''': Mun. following name
 
'''Ecuador''': Canton following name
 
[Falkland Islands: no county-level list]
 
'''French Guiana''': Comm. following name
 
'''Guyana''': name only
 
'''Paraguay''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''Peru''': (Prov.) following name
 
'''Suriname''': name only
 
[Trinidad and Tobago: no county-level list]
 
'''Uruguay''': Mun. following name
 
'''Venezuela''': Mun. following name
 
 
''Asia''
 
'''Afghanistan''': (Distr.) following name
 
[Armenia: no county-level list]
 
[Azerbaijan: no county-level list]
 
[Bahrain: no county-level list]
 
'''Bangladesh''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''Bhutan''': Gewog following name
 
[British Indian Ocean Territory: no county-level list]
 
'''Brunei''': Mukim following name
 
'''Cambodia''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''China''': (Prefecture), (City) following name
 
[Cyprus: no county-level list]
 
'''India''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''Indonesia''': (Regency) following name
 
'''Iran''': (Co.) following name
 
[Iraq: no county-level list]
 
'''Israel''': (Subdistr.) following name
 
'''Japan''': -shi (city or branch admin), -gun (counties) after name
 
'''Jordan''': (Sub-distr.) following name
 
'''Kazakhstan''': (Distr.) following name
 
[Kuwait: no county-level list]
 
'''Kyrgyzstan''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''Laos''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''Lebanon''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''Malaysia''': (Distr.) following name
 
[Maldives: no county-level list]
 
'''Mongolia''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''Myanmar''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''Nepal''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''North Korea''': (Co.), (City), (Distr.) following name
 
'''Oman''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''Pakistan''': (Div.) following name
 
'''Palestine''': (Governorate) following name
 
'''Philippines''': Mun. following name
 
[Qatar: no county-level list]
 
'''Saudi Arabia''': (Gov.) following name
 
[Singapore: no county-level list]
 
'''South Korea''': (Co.), (City), (Distr.) following name
 
'''Sri Lanka''': (Div.) following name
 
'''Syria''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''Taiwan''': Co., Special Mun., Mun. following name
 
'''Tajikistan''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''Thailand''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''Timor-Leste''': (Subdistr.) following name
 
'''Türkiye (formerly Turkey)''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''Turkmenistan''': (Distr.), (Admin. Distr.) following name
 
[United Arab Emirates: no county-level list]
 
'''Uzbekistan''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''Vietnam''': (Distr.), (Urb. Distr.), (Isl.), (Twnshp.) following name
 
'''Yemen''': (Distr.) following name


'''Trinidad and Tobago''': the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Continent: South America (not West Indies)


''Oceania*''


'''American Samoa''': Co. following name
=== <u>Important Hierarchical Variations to Note</u> ===


[Christmas Island: no county-level list]


[Cocos (Keeling) Islands: no county-level list]
'''United Kingdom''': In EMu, the primary administrative subdivision (province/state-level) consists of the four countries of the U.K.: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The secondary administrative subdivision (county-level) reflects the Administrative County, Metropolitan District, Unitary Authority (England); District (Northern Ireland); Council Area (Scotland); and Unitary Authority (Wales).


[Cook Islands: no county-level list]


'''Federated States of Micronesia''': (Mun.) following name
'''Brazil''': The secondary administrative subdivision (county-level) consists of the municipalities of Brazil, rather than the "Microregions" as cited by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ybr.html), as these units "...have no administrative function; they were defined by the federal government for purposes of convenience" (Law, 2007).


'''Fiji''': (Prov.) following name


'''French Polynesia''': (Commune) following name
'''Puerto Rico''': As a commonwealth associated with the United States, there are no primary administrative subdivisions as defined by the U.S. government. The secondary administrative subdivisions are the municipios (https://welcome.topuertorico.org/government.shtml#:~:text=Administrative%20Divisions%20None%20%28Commonwealth%20associated%20with%20the%20U.S.%29%3B,The%20mayor%20appoints%20a%20secretary-auditor%20and%20a%20treasurer). In EMu, we cite the secondary administrative subdivisions (municipios) as the primary (state/province level), and we cite the tertiary administrative subdivision (barrios) as the secondary administrative subdivisions (county-level), as “the barrios of Puerto Rico are the primary legal divisions of the seventy-eight municipalities of Puerto Rico” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico).


[Guam: no county-level list]


[Heard Island and McDonald Islands: no county-level list]
'''Belgium''': The technical primary administrative subdivisions of Belgium are the regions (3): Flanders (Dutch-speaking region), Wallonia (French-speaking region), and Brussels (bilingual Dutch and French), which are then subdivided into provinces. In EMu, we cite the secondary administrative subdivision (provinces) as the primary. Arrondissements are the next sequential administrative level between province and municipality (cited by Statoids as the secondary administrative subdivision, http://www.statoids.com/ybe.html); alternatively, in EMu we cite the municipalities as the second administrative subdivision, disregarding the arrondissements.
 
[Kiribati: no county-level list]
 
'''Marshall Islands''': (Mun.) following name
 
[Nauru: no county-level list]
 
'''New Caledonia''': (Commune) following name
 
'''New Zealand''': Distr. Following term
 
'''Niue''': (Village) following name
 
[Norfolk Island: no county-level list]
 
[Northern Mariana Islands: no county-level list]
 
[Palau: no county-level list]
 
'''Papua New Guinea''': Distr. following name
 
[Pitcairn Islands: no county-level list]
 
[Samoa: no county-level list]
 
'''Solomon Islands''': Ward following name
 
[Tokelau: no county-level list]
 
'''Tonga''': (Distr.) following name
 
[Tuvalu: no county-level list]
 
[United States Minor Outlying Islands: no county-level list]
 
'''Vanuatu''': Area Council, Mun. following name
 
'''Wallis and Futuna Islands''': (Distr.) following name
 
 
''Africa''
 
'''Algeria''': (Mun.) following name
 
'''Angola''': (Mun.) following name
 
'''Benin''': (Commune) following name
 
'''Botswana''': (Sub-distr.) following name
 
'''Burkina Faso''': (Prov.) following the name
 
'''Burundi''': (Commune) following name
 
'''Cabo Verde (formerly Cape Verde)''': (Parish) following name
 
'''Cameroon''': Dept. following name
 
'''Central African Republic''': (Sub-prefecture) following name
 
'''Chad''': (Dept.) following name
 
[Comoros: no county-level list]
 
'''Côte d'Ivoire (formerly Ivory Coast)''': (Region) following name
 
'''Democratic Republic of the Congo''': (Zone) following name
 
[Djibouti: no county-level list]
 
'''Egypt''': Markaz following name
 
'''Equatorial Guinea''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''Eritrea''': (Subregion) following name
 
'''Eswatini (formerly Swaziland)''': following name
 
'''Ethiopia''': (Zone) following name
 
'''Gabon''': (Dept.) following name
 
'''Gambia''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''Ghana''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''Guinea''': (Sub-prefecture) following name
 
'''Guinea-Bissau''': (Sector) following name
 
'''Kenya''': (Constituency) following name
 
'''Lesotho''': (Council) following name
 
'''Liberia''': (Distr.) following name
 
[Libya: no county-level list]
 
'''Madagascar''': (Distr.) following name
 
[Malawi: no county-level list]
 
'''Mali''': Cercle following name
 
'''Mauritania''': (Dept.) following name
 
[Mauritius: no county-level list]
 
[Mayotte: no county-level list]
 
'''Morocco''': (Prov.), (Prefecture) following name
 
'''Mozambique''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''Namibia''': (Constituency) following name
 
'''Niger''': (Dept.) following name
 
'''Nigeria''': (Local Government Area) following name
 
'''Republic of the Congo''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''Reunion''': (Commune) following name
 
'''Rwanda''': (Distr.) following name
 
[Saint Helena no county-level list]
 
[São Tomé and Príncipe: no county-level list]
 
[Seychelles: no county-level list]
 
'''Senegal''': (Dept.) following name
 
'''Sierra Leone''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''Somalia''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''South Africa''': Distr. Mun./ Metro Mun. following name
 
'''South Sudan''': Co. following name
 
[Western Sahara: no county-level list]
 
'''Sudan''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''Tanzania''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''Togo''': (Prefecture) following name
 
'''Tunisia''': (Delegation) following name
 
'''Uganda''': Co. following name
 
[Western Sahara: no county-level list]
 
'''Zambia''': (Distr.) following name
 
'''Zimbabwe''': Distr. following name
 
 
 
''Europe''
 
'''Russia''': (Distr.) following name
 
== Mismatched Geography Hierarchy in EMu ==
 
'''Bermuda''': country in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: North America (sometimes miscategorized in West Indies)
 
'''Canary Islands''': autonomous archipelago of Spain situated in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Spain
 
'''Easter Island (Rapa Nui, Isla de Pascua)''': island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not South America), Country: Chile
 
'''Hawaii''': state of the United States of America situated in the Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not North America), Country: United States of America
 
'''Madeira''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal
 
'''Trinidad and Tobago''': the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Continent: South America (not West Indies)


== '''<span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-98ba40ff-7fff-b375-f895-ba1ab23d2933"><span style="font-size: 11pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Important Hierarchical Variations To Note </span></span></span>''' ==
<div>


=== <u>Non-exhaustive list of historical country names in relation to present-day names</u> ===


*<span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-2bf54281-7fff-e703-2572-bbdfbdb1d52c"><span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">'''United Kingdom:''' Province/state level (primary administrative division) does not match Statoids provided list. Province/state Lookup List values consists of the four countries of the United Kingdom: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, which deviates from the primary administrative division list provided by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ugb.html). The primary administrative division list for the U.K. provided by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ugb.html) was incorporated as the secondary administrative division values in EMu, by country. </span></span></span></span></span>
*<span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color:#000000;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-2bf54281-7fff-e703-2572-bbdfbdb1d52c"><span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">'''Brazil:''' District/county Lookup List values (secondary administrative division) in EMu do not match Statoids provided "Microregions" (http://www.statoids.com/ybr.html). Microregions "...</span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); word-spacing: 1.65937px;">have no administrative function; they were defined by the federal government for purposes of convenience" (Law, 2007). Alternatively, the secondary administrative units (municipalities) were gathered from the Wikipedia page "List of Municipalities of Brazil," according to State (</span>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Brazil https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Brazil]).</span></span>


'''Abyssinia''' : Ethiopia


'''Annam''' : Vietnam (colonial French term)


'''Bangal''' : region consisting of parts of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal


'''Bohemia''' : Czech Republic


'''British Honduras''' : Belize


</div>
'''British Guiana''' : Guyana


== '''<span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-f43015a3-7fff-098c-4328-c35eb1fa0c51"><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Non-exhaustive list of historical country names related to present-day names</span></span></span></span>''' ==
'''British North Borneo''' : Malaysia


<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; white-space: pre-wrap;">Abyssinia = Ethiopia</span>
'''Burma''' : Myanmar


<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; white-space: pre-wrap;">Annam = Vietnam (colonial French term)</span>
'''Cambodge''' : Cambodia


<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bohemia = Czech Republic</span>
'''Ceylon''' : Sri Lanka


<span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-f43015a3-7fff-098c-4328-c35eb1fa0c51"><span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">British Honduras = Belize</span></span></span></span></span>
'''Formosa''' : Taiwan


<span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-f43015a3-7fff-098c-4328-c35eb1fa0c51"><span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">British Guiana = Guyana</span></span></span></span></span>
'''French Indochina''' : region consisting of Cambodia, Laos, and parts of China and Vietnam


<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; white-space: pre-wrap;">British North Borneo = Malaysia</span>
'''Hispanola''' : second largest Caribbean Island divided politically into Haiti (west) and the Dominican Republic (east)  


<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; white-space: pre-wrap;">Burma = Myanmar</span>
'''Kaiser-Wilhelmsland''': portion of Papua New Guinea


<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; white-space: pre-wrap;">Ceylon = Sri Lanka</span>
'''Macedonia''' : North Macedonia


<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; white-space: pre-wrap;">Formosa = Taiwan</span>
'''Moravia''' : Czech Republic


<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; white-space: pre-wrap;">French Indochina = Vietnam</span>
'''New Granada''' : region consisting of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela


<span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-f43015a3-7fff-098c-4328-c35eb1fa0c51"><span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hispanola </span></span><span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(32, 33, 36);">= divided politically into&nbsp;Haiti (west) and the Dominican Republic (east)&nbsp;</span></span></span>
'''New Hebrides''' : Vanuatu


<span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span><span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Macedonia = North Macedonia</span></span></span></span></span>
'''New Holland''' : Australia


<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; white-space: pre-wrap;">Moravia = Czech Republic</span>
'''Northern Rhodesia''' : Zambia


<span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-f43015a3-7fff-098c-4328-c35eb1fa0c51"><span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">New Granada = </span><span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">&nbsp;region consisting of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela</span></span></span></span></span>
'''Persia''' : Iran


<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">New Holland </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">= </span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Australia</span>
'''Siam''' : Thailand


<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; white-space: pre-wrap;">Northern Rhodesia = Zambia</span>
'''Southern Rhodesia''' : Zimbabwe


<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-f43015a3-7fff-098c-4328-c35eb1fa0c51"><span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Persia = Iran</span></span></span></span></span>
'''Tonkin/Tongkin/Tongquin''': exonym referring to northern region of Vietnam


<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; white-space: pre-wrap;">Siam = Thailand</span>
'''Yugoslavia''' : region consisting of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia


<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; white-space: pre-wrap;">Southern Rhodesia = Zimbabwe</span>
'''Zaire''' : Democratic Republic of the Congo


<span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; white-space: pre-wrap;">Yugoslavia = region consisting of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia</span>


<span style="color:#000000;"><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"><span id="docs-internal-guid-f43015a3-7fff-098c-4328-c35eb1fa0c51"><span style="font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Zaire = Democratic Republic of the Congo</span></span></span></span></span>
Please email egjieli@nybg.org if you come across other terms that should be added to this list.
<div><br/></div><br/>

Latest revision as of 17:29, 18 April 2024

Geography Exceptions to the Rule

Please reference this page for odd or out-dated geographical terms and/or categorizations that you may encounter in the collection.



Mismatched Geography Hierarchy in EMu

Azores: autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

Bermuda: country in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: North America (sometimes miscategorized in West Indies)

Islas Canarias (Canary Islands): autonomous archipelago of Spain situated in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Spain

Easter Island (Rapa Nui, Isla de Pascua): island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not South America), Country: Chile, State/Province: Valparaíso

Hawaii: state of the United States of America situated in the Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not North America), Country: United States of America

Madeira: autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

Navassa Island: uninhabited island in the Caribbean, classified as a United States Minor Outlying Islands (the rest of which are in Oceania). Continent: West Indies

Trinidad and Tobago: the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Continent: South America (not West Indies)


Important Hierarchical Variations to Note

United Kingdom: In EMu, the primary administrative subdivision (province/state-level) consists of the four countries of the U.K.: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The secondary administrative subdivision (county-level) reflects the Administrative County, Metropolitan District, Unitary Authority (England); District (Northern Ireland); Council Area (Scotland); and Unitary Authority (Wales).


Brazil: The secondary administrative subdivision (county-level) consists of the municipalities of Brazil, rather than the "Microregions" as cited by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ybr.html), as these units "...have no administrative function; they were defined by the federal government for purposes of convenience" (Law, 2007).


Puerto Rico: As a commonwealth associated with the United States, there are no primary administrative subdivisions as defined by the U.S. government. The secondary administrative subdivisions are the municipios (https://welcome.topuertorico.org/government.shtml#:~:text=Administrative%20Divisions%20None%20%28Commonwealth%20associated%20with%20the%20U.S.%29%3B,The%20mayor%20appoints%20a%20secretary-auditor%20and%20a%20treasurer). In EMu, we cite the secondary administrative subdivisions (municipios) as the primary (state/province level), and we cite the tertiary administrative subdivision (barrios) as the secondary administrative subdivisions (county-level), as “the barrios of Puerto Rico are the primary legal divisions of the seventy-eight municipalities of Puerto Rico” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico).


Belgium: The technical primary administrative subdivisions of Belgium are the regions (3): Flanders (Dutch-speaking region), Wallonia (French-speaking region), and Brussels (bilingual Dutch and French), which are then subdivided into provinces. In EMu, we cite the secondary administrative subdivision (provinces) as the primary. Arrondissements are the next sequential administrative level between province and municipality (cited by Statoids as the secondary administrative subdivision, http://www.statoids.com/ybe.html); alternatively, in EMu we cite the municipalities as the second administrative subdivision, disregarding the arrondissements.


Non-exhaustive list of historical country names in relation to present-day names

Abyssinia : Ethiopia

Annam : Vietnam (colonial French term)

Bangal : region consisting of parts of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal

Bohemia : Czech Republic

British Honduras : Belize

British Guiana : Guyana

British North Borneo : Malaysia

Burma : Myanmar

Cambodge : Cambodia

Ceylon : Sri Lanka

Formosa : Taiwan

French Indochina : region consisting of Cambodia, Laos, and parts of China and Vietnam

Hispanola : second largest Caribbean Island divided politically into Haiti (west) and the Dominican Republic (east)

Kaiser-Wilhelmsland: portion of Papua New Guinea

Macedonia : North Macedonia

Moravia : Czech Republic

New Granada : region consisting of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela

New Hebrides : Vanuatu

New Holland : Australia

Northern Rhodesia : Zambia

Persia : Iran

Siam : Thailand

Southern Rhodesia : Zimbabwe

Tonkin/Tongkin/Tongquin: exonym referring to northern region of Vietnam

Yugoslavia : region consisting of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia

Zaire : Democratic Republic of the Congo


Please email egjieli@nybg.org if you come across other terms that should be added to this list.

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