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<span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">A running list of geography odd&nbsp;situations and special cases that we come across in EMu</span></span>
==Geography Exceptions to the Rule==


Please reference this page for odd or out-dated geographical terms and/or categorizations that you may encounter in the collection.


== Standardized administrative subdivisions grouped by geographical region ==




The primary (state/province-level) and secondary (county-level) administrative subdivisions of the following countries have been standardized. This list also includes the county-level suffix term, when applicable. Asterisks indicate regions that have not yet been thoroughly addressed.


=== <u>Mismatched Geography Hierarchy in EMu</u> ===




''North America*''
'''Azores''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal


'''United States''': Co. following term, exceptions:
'''Bermuda''': country in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: North America (sometimes miscategorized in West Indies)


    Alaska: name only, no suffix
'''Islas Canarias (Canary Islands)''': autonomous archipelago of Spain situated in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Spain
    Louisiana: “Parish” following name
    Virginia: includes independent cities in addition to counties, noted as “(Independent City)” following city name
    Nevada: includes one independent city in addition to counties (Carson City), noted as “Carson City (Independent City)”


'''Mexico''': Mun. following name
'''Easter Island (Rapa Nui, Isla de Pascua)''': island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not South America), Country: Chile, State/Province: Valparaíso


[Bermuda: no county-level list]
'''Hawaii''': state of the United States of America situated in the Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not North America), Country: United States of America


[Saint-Pierre et Miquelon: no county-level list]
'''Madeira''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal


'''Navassa Island''': uninhabited island in the Caribbean, classified as a United States Minor Outlying Islands (the rest of which are in Oceania). Continent: West Indies


''Central America''
'''Trinidad and Tobago''': the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Continent: South America (not West Indies)
 
'''Belize''': Mun., Town, City following name
 
'''Costa Rica''': (Canton) following name
 
'''El Salvador''': Mun. following name
 
'''Guatemala''': Mun. following name
 
'''Honduras''': Mun. following name
 
'''Nicaragua''': Mun. following name
 
'''Panama''': (Distr.) following name
 
 
 
''West Indies''
 
[Anguilla: no county-level list]
 
[Antigua and Barbuda: no county-level list]
 
[Aruba: no county-level list]
 
[Bahamas: no county-level list]
 
[Barbados: no county-level list]
 
[Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba: no county-level list]
 
[Cayman Islands: no county-level list]
 
'''Cuba''': Mun. following name
 
[Curaçao: no county-level list]
 
[Dominica: no county-level list]
 
'''Dominican Republic''': Mun following name
 
[Grenada: no county-level list]
 
'''Guadeloupe''': Comm. following name
 
'''Haiti''': Arrondissement following name
 
[Jamaica: no county-level list]
 
[Martinique: no county-level list]
 
[Montserrat: no county-level list]
 
'''Puerto Rico''': Barrio following name
 
[Saint Barthélemy: no county-level list]
 
[Saint Kitts and Nevis: no county-level list]
 
[Saint Lucia: no county-level list]
 
[Sint Maarten: no county-level list]
 
[Saint Martin: no county-level list]
 
[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: no county-level list]
 
[Turks and Caicos Islands: no county-level list]
 
[Virgin Islands (U.K.): no county-level list]
 
'''Virgin Islands (U.S.)''': (Subdistrict) following name
 




''South America''
=== <u>Important Hierarchical Variations to Note</u> ===


'''Argentina''': (Dept.) following name


'''Bolivia''': (Prov.) following name
'''United Kingdom''': In EMu, the primary administrative subdivision (province/state-level) consists of the four countries of the U.K.: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The secondary administrative subdivision (county-level) reflects the Administrative County, Metropolitan District, Unitary Authority (England); District (Northern Ireland); Council Area (Scotland); and Unitary Authority (Wales).


'''Brazil''': Mun. following name


'''Chile''': (Prov.) following name
'''Brazil''': The secondary administrative subdivision (county-level) consists of the municipalities of Brazil, rather than the "Microregions" as cited by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ybr.html), as these units "...have no administrative function; they were defined by the federal government for purposes of convenience" (Law, 2007).


'''Colombia''': Mun. following name


'''Ecuador''': Canton following name
'''Puerto Rico''': As a commonwealth associated with the United States, there are no primary administrative subdivisions as defined by the U.S. government. The secondary administrative subdivisions are the municipios (https://welcome.topuertorico.org/government.shtml#:~:text=Administrative%20Divisions%20None%20%28Commonwealth%20associated%20with%20the%20U.S.%29%3B,The%20mayor%20appoints%20a%20secretary-auditor%20and%20a%20treasurer). In EMu, we cite the secondary administrative subdivisions (municipios) as the primary (state/province level), and we cite the tertiary administrative subdivision (barrios) as the secondary administrative subdivisions (county-level), as “the barrios of Puerto Rico are the primary legal divisions of the seventy-eight municipalities of Puerto Rico” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico).


[Falkland Islands: no county-level list]


'''French Guiana''': Comm. following name
'''Belgium''': The technical primary administrative subdivisions of Belgium are the regions (3): Flanders (Dutch-speaking region), Wallonia (French-speaking region), and Brussels (bilingual Dutch and French), which are then subdivided into provinces. In EMu, we cite the secondary administrative subdivision (provinces) as the primary. Arrondissements are the next sequential administrative level between province and municipality (cited by Statoids as the secondary administrative subdivision, http://www.statoids.com/ybe.html); alternatively, in EMu we cite the municipalities as the second administrative subdivision, disregarding the arrondissements.


'''Guyana''': name only


'''Paraguay''': (Distr.) following name
=== <u>Non-exhaustive list of historical country names in relation to present-day names</u> ===


'''Peru''': (Prov.) following name


'''Suriname''': name only
'''Abyssinia''' : Ethiopia


[Trinidad and Tobago: no county-level list]
'''Annam''' : Vietnam (colonial French term)


'''Uruguay''': Mun. following name
'''Bangal''' : region consisting of parts of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal


'''Venezuela''': Mun. following name
'''Bohemia''' : Czech Republic


'''British Honduras''' : Belize


''Asia''
'''British Guiana''' : Guyana


'''Afghanistan''': (Distr.) following name
'''British North Borneo''' : Malaysia


[Armenia: no county-level list]
'''Burma''' : Myanmar


[Azerbaijan: no county-level list]
'''Cambodge''' : Cambodia


[Bahrain: no county-level list]
'''Ceylon''' : Sri Lanka


'''Bangladesh''': (Distr.) following name
'''Formosa''' : Taiwan


'''Bhutan''': Gewog following name
'''French Indochina''' : region consisting of Cambodia, Laos, and parts of China and Vietnam


[British Indian Ocean Territory: no county-level list]
'''Hispanola''' : second largest Caribbean Island divided politically into Haiti (west) and the Dominican Republic (east)


'''Brunei''': Mukim following name
'''Kaiser-Wilhelmsland''': portion of Papua New Guinea


'''Cambodia''': (Distr.) following name
'''Macedonia''' : North Macedonia


'''China''': (Prefecture), (City) following name
'''Moravia''' : Czech Republic


[Cyprus: no county-level list]
'''New Granada''' : region consisting of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela


'''India''': (Distr.) following name
'''New Hebrides''' : Vanuatu


'''Indonesia''': (Regency) following name
'''New Holland''' : Australia


'''Iran''': (Co.) following name
'''Northern Rhodesia''' : Zambia


[Iraq: no county-level list]
'''Persia''' : Iran


'''Israel''': (Subdistr.) following name
'''Siam''' : Thailand


'''Japan''': -shi (city or branch admin), -gun (counties) after name
'''Southern Rhodesia''' : Zimbabwe


'''Jordan''': (Sub-distr.) following name
'''Tonkin/Tongkin/Tongquin''': exonym referring to northern region of Vietnam


'''Kazakhstan''': (Distr.) following name
'''Yugoslavia''' : region consisting of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia


[Kuwait: no county-level list]
'''Zaire''' : Democratic Republic of the Congo


'''Kyrgyzstan''': (Distr.) following name
'''Laos''': (Distr.) following name
'''Lebanon''': (Distr.) following name
'''Malaysia''': (Distr.) following name
[Maldives: no county-level list]
'''Mongolia''': (Distr.) following name
'''Myanmar''': (Distr.) following name
'''Nepal''': (Distr.) following name
'''North Korea''': (Co.), (City), (Distr.) following name
'''Oman''': (Distr.) following name
'''Pakistan''': (Div.) following name
'''Palestine''': (Governorate) following name
'''Philippines''': Mun. following name
[Qatar: no county-level list]
'''Saudi Arabia''': (Gov.) following name
[Singapore: no county-level list]
'''South Korea''': (Co.), (City), (Distr.) following name
'''Sri Lanka''': (Div.) following name
'''Syria''': (Distr.) following name
'''Taiwan''': Co., Special Mun., Mun. following name
'''Tajikistan''': (Distr.) following name
'''Thailand''': (Distr.) following name
'''Timor-Leste''': (Subdistr.) following name
'''Türkiye (formerly Turkey)''': (Distr.) following name
'''Turkmenistan''': (Distr.), (Admin. Distr.) following name
[United Arab Emirates: no county-level list]
'''Uzbekistan''': (Distr.) following name
'''Vietnam''': (Distr.), (Urb. Distr.), (Isl.), (Twnshp.) following name
'''Yemen''': (Distr.) following name
''Oceania*''
'''American Samoa''': Co. following name
[Christmas Island: no county-level list]
[Cocos (Keeling) Islands: no county-level list]
[Cook Islands: no county-level list]
'''Federated States of Micronesia''': (Mun.) following name
'''Fiji''': (Prov.) following name
'''French Polynesia''': (Commune) following name
[Guam: no county-level list]
[Heard Island and McDonald Islands: no county-level list]
[Kiribati: no county-level list]
'''Marshall Islands''': (Mun.) following name
[Nauru: no county-level list]
'''New Caledonia''': (Commune) following name
'''New Zealand''': Distr. Following term
'''Niue''': (Village) following name
[Norfolk Island: no county-level list]
[Northern Mariana Islands: no county-level list]
[Palau: no county-level list]
'''Papua New Guinea''': Distr. following name
[Pitcairn Islands: no county-level list]
[Samoa: no county-level list]
'''Solomon Islands''': Ward following name
[Tokelau: no county-level list]
'''Tonga''': (Distr.) following name
[Tuvalu: no county-level list]
[United States Minor Outlying Islands: no county-level list]
'''Vanuatu''': Area Council, Mun. following name
'''Wallis and Futuna Islands''': (Distr.) following name
''Africa''
'''Algeria''': (Mun.) following name
'''Angola''': (Mun.) following name
'''Benin''': (Commune) following name
'''Botswana''': (Sub-distr.) following name
'''Burkina Faso''': (Prov.) following the name
'''Burundi''': (Commune) following name
'''Cabo Verde (formerly Cape Verde)''': (Parish) following name
'''Cameroon''': Dept. following name
'''Central African Republic''': (Sub-prefecture) following name
'''Chad''': (Dept.) following name
[Comoros: no county-level list]
'''Côte d'Ivoire (formerly Ivory Coast)''': (Region) following name
'''Democratic Republic of the Congo''': (Zone) following name
[Djibouti: no county-level list]
'''Egypt''': Markaz following name
'''Equatorial Guinea''': (Distr.) following name
'''Eritrea''': (Subregion) following name
'''Eswatini (formerly Swaziland)''': following name
'''Ethiopia''': (Zone) following name
'''Gabon''': (Dept.) following name
'''Gambia''': (Distr.) following name
'''Ghana''': (Distr.) following name
'''Guinea''': (Sub-prefecture) following name
'''Guinea-Bissau''': (Sector) following name
'''Kenya''': (Constituency) following name
'''Lesotho''': (Council) following name
'''Liberia''': (Distr.) following name
[Libya: no county-level list]
'''Madagascar''': (Distr.) following name
[Malawi: no county-level list]
'''Mali''': Cercle following name
'''Mauritania''': (Dept.) following name
[Mauritius: no county-level list]
[Mayotte: no county-level list]
'''Morocco''': (Prov.), (Prefecture) following name
'''Mozambique''': (Distr.) following name
'''Namibia''': (Constituency) following name
'''Niger''': (Dept.) following name
'''Nigeria''': (Local Government Area) following name
'''Republic of the Congo''': (Distr.) following name
'''Reunion''': (Commune) following name
'''Rwanda''': (Distr.) following name
[Saint Helena no county-level list]
[São Tomé and Príncipe: no county-level list]
[Seychelles: no county-level list]
'''Senegal''': (Dept.) following name
'''Sierra Leone''': (Distr.) following name
'''Somalia''': (Distr.) following name
'''South Africa''': Distr. Mun./ Metro Mun. following name
'''South Sudan''': Co. following name
[Western Sahara: no county-level list]
'''Sudan''': (Distr.) following name
'''Tanzania''': (Distr.) following name
'''Togo''': (Prefecture) following name
'''Tunisia''': (Delegation) following name
'''Uganda''': Co. following name
[Western Sahara: no county-level list]
'''Zambia''': (Distr.) following name
'''Zimbabwe''': Distr. following name
''Europe''
'''Russia''': (Distr.) following name
== Mismatched Geography Hierarchy in EMu ==
'''Bermuda''': country in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: North America (sometimes miscategorized in West Indies)
'''Canary Islands''': autonomous archipelago of Spain situated in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Spain
'''Easter Island (Rapa Nui, Isla de Pascua)''': island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not South America), Country: Chile
'''Hawaii''': state of the United States of America situated in the Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not North America), Country: United States of America
'''Madeira''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal
'''Trinidad and Tobago''': the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Continent: South America (not West Indies)
== Important Hierarchical Variations To Note ==
'''United Kingdom''': Province/state level (primary administrative division) does not match Statoids provided list. Province/state list values consists of the four countries of the United Kingdom: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, which deviates from the primary administrative division list provided by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ugb.html). The primary administrative division list for the U.K. provided by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ugb.html) was incorporated as the secondary administrative division values in EMu, by country.
'''Brazil''': District/county list values (secondary administrative division) in EMu do not match Statoids provided "Microregions" (http://www.statoids.com/ybr.html). Microregions "...have no administrative function; they were defined by the federal government for purposes of convenience" (Law, 2007). Alternatively, the secondary administrative units (municipalities) were gathered from the Wikipedia page "List of Municipalities of Brazil," according to State (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Brazil).
'''Puerto Rico''': As a commonwealth associated with the United States, there are no first-level administrative subdivisions as defined by the U.S. government. The second-level administrative subdivisions are municipios (https://welcome.topuertorico.org/government.shtml#:~:text=Administrative%20Divisions%20None%20%28Commonwealth%20associated%20with%20the%20U.S.%29%3B,The%20mayor%20appoints%20a%20secretary-auditor%20and%20a%20treasurer). For our intents and purposes, we cite the second-level administrative divisions as the first-level, listing the municipios as the State/Province for the country, and use the third-level administrative areas (barrios) as the secondary political subdivisions, as “the barrios of Puerto Rico are the primary legal divisions of the seventy-eight municipalities of Puerto Rico” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico). This is also in agreement with Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/upr.html) although Statoids does not provide the list of barrios.
== Non-exhaustive list of historical country names in relation to present-day names ==


Please email egjieli@nybg.org if you come across other terms that should be added to this list.
Please email egjieli@nybg.org if you come across other terms that should be added to this list.
'''Abyssinia''' = Ethiopia
'''Annam''' = Vietnam (colonial French term)
'''Bohemia''' = Czech Republic
'''British Honduras''' = Belize
'''British Guiana''' = Guyana
'''British North Borneo''' = Malaysia
'''Burma''' = Myanmar
'''Ceylon''' = Sri Lanka
'''Formosa''' = Taiwan
'''French Indochina''' = Vietnam
'''Hispanola''' = divided politically into Haiti (west) and the Dominican Republic (east)
'''Macedonia''' = North Macedonia
'''Moravia''' = Czech Republic
'''New Granada''' =  region consisting of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela
'''New Holland''' = Australia
'''Northern Rhodesia''' = Zambia
'''Persia''' = Iran
'''Siam''' = Thailand
'''Southern Rhodesia''' = Zimbabwe
'''Yugoslavia''' = region consisting of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia
'''Zaire''' = Democratic Republic of the Congo

Latest revision as of 17:29, 18 April 2024

Geography Exceptions to the Rule

Please reference this page for odd or out-dated geographical terms and/or categorizations that you may encounter in the collection.



Mismatched Geography Hierarchy in EMu

Azores: autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

Bermuda: country in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: North America (sometimes miscategorized in West Indies)

Islas Canarias (Canary Islands): autonomous archipelago of Spain situated in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Spain

Easter Island (Rapa Nui, Isla de Pascua): island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not South America), Country: Chile, State/Province: Valparaíso

Hawaii: state of the United States of America situated in the Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not North America), Country: United States of America

Madeira: autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

Navassa Island: uninhabited island in the Caribbean, classified as a United States Minor Outlying Islands (the rest of which are in Oceania). Continent: West Indies

Trinidad and Tobago: the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Continent: South America (not West Indies)


Important Hierarchical Variations to Note

United Kingdom: In EMu, the primary administrative subdivision (province/state-level) consists of the four countries of the U.K.: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The secondary administrative subdivision (county-level) reflects the Administrative County, Metropolitan District, Unitary Authority (England); District (Northern Ireland); Council Area (Scotland); and Unitary Authority (Wales).


Brazil: The secondary administrative subdivision (county-level) consists of the municipalities of Brazil, rather than the "Microregions" as cited by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ybr.html), as these units "...have no administrative function; they were defined by the federal government for purposes of convenience" (Law, 2007).


Puerto Rico: As a commonwealth associated with the United States, there are no primary administrative subdivisions as defined by the U.S. government. The secondary administrative subdivisions are the municipios (https://welcome.topuertorico.org/government.shtml#:~:text=Administrative%20Divisions%20None%20%28Commonwealth%20associated%20with%20the%20U.S.%29%3B,The%20mayor%20appoints%20a%20secretary-auditor%20and%20a%20treasurer). In EMu, we cite the secondary administrative subdivisions (municipios) as the primary (state/province level), and we cite the tertiary administrative subdivision (barrios) as the secondary administrative subdivisions (county-level), as “the barrios of Puerto Rico are the primary legal divisions of the seventy-eight municipalities of Puerto Rico” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico).


Belgium: The technical primary administrative subdivisions of Belgium are the regions (3): Flanders (Dutch-speaking region), Wallonia (French-speaking region), and Brussels (bilingual Dutch and French), which are then subdivided into provinces. In EMu, we cite the secondary administrative subdivision (provinces) as the primary. Arrondissements are the next sequential administrative level between province and municipality (cited by Statoids as the secondary administrative subdivision, http://www.statoids.com/ybe.html); alternatively, in EMu we cite the municipalities as the second administrative subdivision, disregarding the arrondissements.


Non-exhaustive list of historical country names in relation to present-day names

Abyssinia : Ethiopia

Annam : Vietnam (colonial French term)

Bangal : region consisting of parts of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal

Bohemia : Czech Republic

British Honduras : Belize

British Guiana : Guyana

British North Borneo : Malaysia

Burma : Myanmar

Cambodge : Cambodia

Ceylon : Sri Lanka

Formosa : Taiwan

French Indochina : region consisting of Cambodia, Laos, and parts of China and Vietnam

Hispanola : second largest Caribbean Island divided politically into Haiti (west) and the Dominican Republic (east)

Kaiser-Wilhelmsland: portion of Papua New Guinea

Macedonia : North Macedonia

Moravia : Czech Republic

New Granada : region consisting of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela

New Hebrides : Vanuatu

New Holland : Australia

Northern Rhodesia : Zambia

Persia : Iran

Siam : Thailand

Southern Rhodesia : Zimbabwe

Tonkin/Tongkin/Tongquin: exonym referring to northern region of Vietnam

Yugoslavia : region consisting of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia

Zaire : Democratic Republic of the Congo


Please email egjieli@nybg.org if you come across other terms that should be added to this list.

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