Monographs Details:
Authority:
Renner, Susanne S. & Hausner, Gerlinde. 2005. Siparunaceae. Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 95: 1--247 pp. (Published by NYBG Press)
Renner, Susanne S. & Hausner, Gerlinde. 2005. Siparunaceae. Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 95: 1--247 pp. (Published by NYBG Press)
Family:
Monimiaceae
Monimiaceae
Synonyms:
Citriosma guianensis (Aubl.) Tul., Citriosma discolor Poepp. & Endl., Siparuna discolor (Poepp. & Endl.) A.DC., Citriosma camporum Tul., Siparuna camporum (Tul.) A.DC., Citriosma guianensis var. nuda Tul., Citriosma guianensis var. divergentifolia Pohl ex Tul., Siparuna guianensis var. divergentifolia (Pohl ex Tul.) A.DC., Siparuna panamensis A.DC., Siparuna guianensis var. glabrescens A.DC., Siparuna guianensis var. longifolia A.DC., Siparuna foetida Barb.Rodr., Siparuna guianensis var. nitens Kuntze, Siparuna archeri A.C.Sm., Siparuna cavalcantei Jangoux, Siparuna duckeana Jangoux, Siparuna itacaiunensis Jangoux, Siparuna savanicola Jangoux, Siparuna arianeae V.Pereira
Citriosma guianensis (Aubl.) Tul., Citriosma discolor Poepp. & Endl., Siparuna discolor (Poepp. & Endl.) A.DC., Citriosma camporum Tul., Siparuna camporum (Tul.) A.DC., Citriosma guianensis var. nuda Tul., Citriosma guianensis var. divergentifolia Pohl ex Tul., Siparuna guianensis var. divergentifolia (Pohl ex Tul.) A.DC., Siparuna panamensis A.DC., Siparuna guianensis var. glabrescens A.DC., Siparuna guianensis var. longifolia A.DC., Siparuna foetida Barb.Rodr., Siparuna guianensis var. nitens Kuntze, Siparuna archeri A.C.Sm., Siparuna cavalcantei Jangoux, Siparuna duckeana Jangoux, Siparuna itacaiunensis Jangoux, Siparuna savanicola Jangoux, Siparuna arianeae V.Pereira
Description:
Species Description - Monoecious shrub or treelet, 5-9(-15) m tall and reaching a dbh of 20 cm; bark gray and smooth, young branchlets terete but flattened at the nodes, with minute stellate or stellate-lepidote hairs. Leaves opposite, very rarely temate; petioles 0.5-1.5 cm long; lamina drying irregularly grayish- to yellowish brown, rather stiff and parchment-like, oblong to elliptic or lanceolate, 10-22(-33) X 4-10(-16) cm, the base obtuse, the apex acuminate, the tip 0.5-1 cm long, older leaves with a few simple hairs above near the lamina base and on the midrib or glabrous, the lower surface stellate or on the veins lepidote-stellate puberulent, with 9-11 pairs of secondary veins, slightly raised above, more conspicuously so below, the margin entire. Cymes in subsessile clusters, 1-1.5 cm long (to 3 cm long in fruit) and densely covered with stellate to sublepidote hairs, with 5-15 flowers. Fresh flowers greenish yellow; male flowers cupshaped, 2-3 mm in diam., 1.5-2.5 mm high, the indumentum as on the cymes, the 4-6 tepals minute, broadly triangular, about 0.2 mm long, the floral roof barely developed; stamens 10-18, membranaceous, distally narrow; female flowers ovoid to subglobose, 1.8-2.5 mm in diam., 2.5-3 mm high, the tepals as in the male flowers, the floral roof conical; carpels 3-12(-17); exposed styles 5-7, free (Fig. 9H) or forming a column (Fig. 8C). Fruiting receptacle globose, 1-1.5 cm in diam., more or less densely covered with stellate hairs, the fresh and mature receptacles smelling strongly and often unpleasantly of lemon, greenish red and splitting open to expose a yellow-orange interior on which the drupelets are displayed; drupelets 4-10, lacking a stylar aril, the exo- and mesocarp fleshy and whitish gray or orange, soon becoming slimy, the endocarp stony.
Species Description - Monoecious shrub or treelet, 5-9(-15) m tall and reaching a dbh of 20 cm; bark gray and smooth, young branchlets terete but flattened at the nodes, with minute stellate or stellate-lepidote hairs. Leaves opposite, very rarely temate; petioles 0.5-1.5 cm long; lamina drying irregularly grayish- to yellowish brown, rather stiff and parchment-like, oblong to elliptic or lanceolate, 10-22(-33) X 4-10(-16) cm, the base obtuse, the apex acuminate, the tip 0.5-1 cm long, older leaves with a few simple hairs above near the lamina base and on the midrib or glabrous, the lower surface stellate or on the veins lepidote-stellate puberulent, with 9-11 pairs of secondary veins, slightly raised above, more conspicuously so below, the margin entire. Cymes in subsessile clusters, 1-1.5 cm long (to 3 cm long in fruit) and densely covered with stellate to sublepidote hairs, with 5-15 flowers. Fresh flowers greenish yellow; male flowers cupshaped, 2-3 mm in diam., 1.5-2.5 mm high, the indumentum as on the cymes, the 4-6 tepals minute, broadly triangular, about 0.2 mm long, the floral roof barely developed; stamens 10-18, membranaceous, distally narrow; female flowers ovoid to subglobose, 1.8-2.5 mm in diam., 2.5-3 mm high, the tepals as in the male flowers, the floral roof conical; carpels 3-12(-17); exposed styles 5-7, free (Fig. 9H) or forming a column (Fig. 8C). Fruiting receptacle globose, 1-1.5 cm in diam., more or less densely covered with stellate hairs, the fresh and mature receptacles smelling strongly and often unpleasantly of lemon, greenish red and splitting open to expose a yellow-orange interior on which the drupelets are displayed; drupelets 4-10, lacking a stylar aril, the exo- and mesocarp fleshy and whitish gray or orange, soon becoming slimy, the endocarp stony.
Discussion:
We found the name “limoncillo” on 31 labels of 11 species of Siparuna from Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela, and it appears to be the most widely used local name.In many Latin American countries, a decoction of Siparuna guianensis leaves is used as a drink against stomach disorders. The leaves are also used for compresses or poultices against headaches and rheumatism. In Panama and Guyana, extracts are used to kill vermin or as an insecticide. In Guyana, S. guianensis leaves are also used to give fishtraps the typical scent of this species and to cover-up the scent of humans (Jansen-Jacobs et al. 3337). In neighboring Surinam, a decoction made from the leaves is used as a drink or a douche after childbirth (Archer 2742).Siparuna guianensis is an early successional species, frequently collected in disturbed areas. However, it also occurs in moist lowland forest and occasionally in premontane wet forest. The species is usually easily identified by the combination of elliptic, more or less glabrous leaves, short cymes, and small, almost tepalless flowers (Fig. 8C). The only species with which it can be confused is S. poeppigii. Fertile material of S. poeppigii differs in having well-developed triangular tepals (Figs. 2B, 22B). Sterile material cannot be distinguished with certainty.Of the many names here synonymized, Siparuna cavalcantei Jangoux, S. duckeana Jangoux, S. itacaiunensis Jangoux, and S. savanicola Jangoux deserve discussion. The types of the remaining synonyms all fall well within the range of variation seen in S. guianensis; indeed, in several cases they were originally identified as such. Siparuna cavalcantei referred to collections from the lower Xingu and Tapajós rivers with large, subcoriaceous leaves (e.g., Ducke RB 18645, Krukoff 1225, Silva & Souza 2302, Silva & Souza 2640) that A. C. Smith had identified as S. guianensis. We agree with this disposition of the material because we found no characters, besides possibly leaf size, that reliably distinguish these collections from S. guianensis. Similarly large-leaved plants have now been collected elsewhere, for example, the type of S. archeri A. C. Smith from the Chocó area, Molina 1919 from Nicaragua, and Prance et al. 11046 from Roraima.Siparuna duckeana referred to collections with thinner leaves than usually seen in S. guianensis and with undulate receptacle margins. The latter character is variable, however, and in the absence of other distinguishing characters, these collections seem best left in S. guianensis.Siparuna itacaiunensis was described based on two collections housed at IAN, Pires & Belém 12292 and 12639. During a visit there in 1996, the senior author failed to find this material. Based on the type photograph and flower drawings that accompany the protologue, this material represents S. guianensis. The protologue compares S. itacaiunensis to S. camporum, S. cavalcantei, S. duckeana, and S. savanicola (all here considered S. guianensis) without clarifying the differences between them.Siparuna savanicola, finally, of which we have seen all but three of the 26 collections cited, was proposed to accommodate collections with glabrous mature leaves, but appressed stellate or stellate-lepidote receptacles. This type of indumentum is not uncommon in S. guianensis, and indeed duplicates of these collections have all been identified as S. guianensis by other botanists.
We found the name “limoncillo” on 31 labels of 11 species of Siparuna from Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela, and it appears to be the most widely used local name.In many Latin American countries, a decoction of Siparuna guianensis leaves is used as a drink against stomach disorders. The leaves are also used for compresses or poultices against headaches and rheumatism. In Panama and Guyana, extracts are used to kill vermin or as an insecticide. In Guyana, S. guianensis leaves are also used to give fishtraps the typical scent of this species and to cover-up the scent of humans (Jansen-Jacobs et al. 3337). In neighboring Surinam, a decoction made from the leaves is used as a drink or a douche after childbirth (Archer 2742).Siparuna guianensis is an early successional species, frequently collected in disturbed areas. However, it also occurs in moist lowland forest and occasionally in premontane wet forest. The species is usually easily identified by the combination of elliptic, more or less glabrous leaves, short cymes, and small, almost tepalless flowers (Fig. 8C). The only species with which it can be confused is S. poeppigii. Fertile material of S. poeppigii differs in having well-developed triangular tepals (Figs. 2B, 22B). Sterile material cannot be distinguished with certainty.Of the many names here synonymized, Siparuna cavalcantei Jangoux, S. duckeana Jangoux, S. itacaiunensis Jangoux, and S. savanicola Jangoux deserve discussion. The types of the remaining synonyms all fall well within the range of variation seen in S. guianensis; indeed, in several cases they were originally identified as such. Siparuna cavalcantei referred to collections from the lower Xingu and Tapajós rivers with large, subcoriaceous leaves (e.g., Ducke RB 18645, Krukoff 1225, Silva & Souza 2302, Silva & Souza 2640) that A. C. Smith had identified as S. guianensis. We agree with this disposition of the material because we found no characters, besides possibly leaf size, that reliably distinguish these collections from S. guianensis. Similarly large-leaved plants have now been collected elsewhere, for example, the type of S. archeri A. C. Smith from the Chocó area, Molina 1919 from Nicaragua, and Prance et al. 11046 from Roraima.Siparuna duckeana referred to collections with thinner leaves than usually seen in S. guianensis and with undulate receptacle margins. The latter character is variable, however, and in the absence of other distinguishing characters, these collections seem best left in S. guianensis.Siparuna itacaiunensis was described based on two collections housed at IAN, Pires & Belém 12292 and 12639. During a visit there in 1996, the senior author failed to find this material. Based on the type photograph and flower drawings that accompany the protologue, this material represents S. guianensis. The protologue compares S. itacaiunensis to S. camporum, S. cavalcantei, S. duckeana, and S. savanicola (all here considered S. guianensis) without clarifying the differences between them.Siparuna savanicola, finally, of which we have seen all but three of the 26 collections cited, was proposed to accommodate collections with glabrous mature leaves, but appressed stellate or stellate-lepidote receptacles. This type of indumentum is not uncommon in S. guianensis, and indeed duplicates of these collections have all been identified as S. guianensis by other botanists.
Distribution:
Zelaya Nicaragua Central America| Puntarenas Costa Rica Central America| San José Costa Rica Central America| Chiriquí Panamá Central America| Darién Panamá Central America| Herrera Panama Central America| Panamá Panama Central America| San Blás Panamá Central America| Veraguas Panama Central America| Amazonas Colombia South America| Antioquia Colombia South America| Caquetá Colombia South America| Chocó Colombia South America| Guaviare Colombia South America| Vaupés Colombia South America| Amazonas Venezuela South America| Anzoátegui Venezuela South America| Apure Venezuela South America| Barinas Venezuela South America| Bolívar Venezuela South America| Carabobo Venezuela South America| Delta Amacuro Venezuela South America| Mérida Venezuela South America| Portuguesa Venezuela South America| Sucre Venezuela South America| Táchira Venezuela South America| Trujillo Venezuela South America| Zulia Venezuela South America| Guyana South America| Nickerie Suriname South America| French Guiana South America| Morona-Santiago Ecuador South America| Orellana Ecuador South America| Pastaza Ecuador South America| Sucumbíos Ecuador South America| Amazonas Peru South America| Huánuco Peru South America| Loreto Peru South America| Madre de Dios Peru South America| Puno Peru South America| San Martín Peru South America| Ucayali Peru South America| Marowijne Suriname South America| Trinidad and Tobago South America|
Zelaya Nicaragua Central America| Puntarenas Costa Rica Central America| San José Costa Rica Central America| Chiriquí Panamá Central America| Darién Panamá Central America| Herrera Panama Central America| Panamá Panama Central America| San Blás Panamá Central America| Veraguas Panama Central America| Amazonas Colombia South America| Antioquia Colombia South America| Caquetá Colombia South America| Chocó Colombia South America| Guaviare Colombia South America| Vaupés Colombia South America| Amazonas Venezuela South America| Anzoátegui Venezuela South America| Apure Venezuela South America| Barinas Venezuela South America| Bolívar Venezuela South America| Carabobo Venezuela South America| Delta Amacuro Venezuela South America| Mérida Venezuela South America| Portuguesa Venezuela South America| Sucre Venezuela South America| Táchira Venezuela South America| Trujillo Venezuela South America| Zulia Venezuela South America| Guyana South America| Nickerie Suriname South America| French Guiana South America| Morona-Santiago Ecuador South America| Orellana Ecuador South America| Pastaza Ecuador South America| Sucumbíos Ecuador South America| Amazonas Peru South America| Huánuco Peru South America| Loreto Peru South America| Madre de Dios Peru South America| Puno Peru South America| San Martín Peru South America| Ucayali Peru South America| Marowijne Suriname South America| Trinidad and Tobago South America|
Common Names:
hierba de pasmo, pasmo, jayerua, cafetillo, romadizo, limoncillo, arbol del danto, pata de danta, hoja de danta, meme danto, palo bachaco, hoja de bachaco, tikue acuahuiyois, uatakuran, cumana-gota, vénéré, waidemere, curu huinci sacha, curuinsi sacha, isula huayo, isula caspi, isula micuna, picho huayo, pishiwayo, capitiú, capitiú do cerrado, caápitiú, limão bravo, negamina, mõe hanakë
hierba de pasmo, pasmo, jayerua, cafetillo, romadizo, limoncillo, arbol del danto, pata de danta, hoja de danta, meme danto, palo bachaco, hoja de bachaco, tikue acuahuiyois, uatakuran, cumana-gota, vénéré, waidemere, curu huinci sacha, curuinsi sacha, isula huayo, isula caspi, isula micuna, picho huayo, pishiwayo, capitiú, capitiú do cerrado, caápitiú, limão bravo, negamina, mõe hanakë