Monographs Details:
Authority:
Madriñán, Santiago R. 2004. (Lauraceae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 92: 1-102. (Published by NYBG Press)
Madriñán, Santiago R. 2004.
Family:
Lauraceae
Lauraceae
Synonyms:
Aydendron aciphyllum Nees, Pleurothyrium chrysothyrsus Meisn., Nectandra arnottiana Nees, Ocotea cooperi C.K.Allen, Nectandra meyeriana Lasser, Pleurothyrium cowanianum C.K.Allen, Acrodiclidium kunthianum Nees, Ocotea kunthiana (Nees) Mez, Nectandra kunthiana (Nees) Kosterm.
Aydendron aciphyllum Nees, Pleurothyrium chrysothyrsus Meisn., Nectandra arnottiana Nees, Ocotea cooperi C.K.Allen, Nectandra meyeriana Lasser, Pleurothyrium cowanianum C.K.Allen, Acrodiclidium kunthianum Nees, Ocotea kunthiana (Nees) Mez, Nectandra kunthiana (Nees) Kosterm.
Description:
Species Description - Trees: branches basitonic, in axils of cataphylls or basal foliage leaves; twigs angular, soon becoming terete, 7-12 mm diam.; epidermis black; terminal bud plump to slender, ca. 2 x 1 mm; cataphylls persisting on current flush or caducous, to 1.5 mm long; indument pubescent to tomentose or puberulous, caducous after one flush, the hairs dense to sparse, to 1.2 mm long, curved to crisped, erect, reddish to golden. Leaves: petioles slender to robust, 1-2.5(-5) cm x ca. 5 mm, adaxially flattened; blades chartaceous, flat, narrowly to broadly ovate to elliptic or oblong, (10-) 15-30(-40) x 5-10(-19) cm; base acute to obtuse or rounded, 80-110(-140)°; apex acute to obtuse, (40-) 70-90°, ultimately acuminate for up to 3.5 cm; margin plane; primary vein above flat to impressed, below prominent; secondary veins 10-16(-20) pairs, equidistant, eucamptodromous (apically brochidodrom-ous), above flat to impressed, below prominent, diverging at 45-60°, abruptly arching near margin, chordal angle 35-40°, the angle decreasing apically; tertiary veins above flat to slightly raised, below raised, conspicuously scalariform; higher-order veins above slightly raised, below raised; surface above olive-green to brown, the veins darker, below dark green to light brown; indument above absent, the primary vein tomentose, below puberulous to pubescent, the hairs dense to sparse, to 1.8 mm long, straight to curved to crisped, erect, yellowish to ferruginous, denser on the veins, persisting for at least two flushes. Staminate inflorescences: along whole length of flush, erect, peduncles 6-23 cm long, the hypopodia 1-6 cm x 1-4 mm, branch orders 3-6, the second-order branches 8-16, dispersed, lowest branch to 3(-7) cm long, color and indument of all axes as on twigs; bracts and bracteoles caducous (not seen). Staminate flowers: pedicels ca. 4 x 1 mm, the diameter even throughout; receptacle globose, ca. 2.8 x 1.5 mm, constricted at the place of tepal inception; tepals chartaceous to coriaceous, ovate, ca. 2 x 1.6 mm, at anthesis spreading, reddish brown, adaxially minutely puberulous; stamens of whorls I and II spathulate, the anthers reniform, ca. 1.2 x 1.2 mm, puberulous, the locelli 4, apical, in a shallow arch, the upper pair in-trorse, the lower pair latrorse, the glands absent; whorl III capitate, ca. 1.4 X 0.8 mm, puberulous, the locelli 4, the upper pair extrorse, the lower pair latrorse (to extrorse), the glands globular, ca. 0.8 mm diam.; whorl IV absent; all stamens brownish; pistillode filiform, ca. 2 X 0.8 mm, glabrous. Pistillate flowers: pistil ca. 3.2 X 2 mm; ovary ovoid to globose, ca. 2.4 mm long, glabrous. Fruits: pedicels to 15 X 3 mm, abruptly enlarging to form the cupule; cupule hemispherical, to 15 X 20 mm, smooth to tuberculate, the margin straight, tepals caducous; berry elliptic, to 30 x 20 mm.
Species Description - Trees: branches basitonic, in axils of cataphylls or basal foliage leaves; twigs angular, soon becoming terete, 7-12 mm diam.; epidermis black; terminal bud plump to slender, ca. 2 x 1 mm; cataphylls persisting on current flush or caducous, to 1.5 mm long; indument pubescent to tomentose or puberulous, caducous after one flush, the hairs dense to sparse, to 1.2 mm long, curved to crisped, erect, reddish to golden. Leaves: petioles slender to robust, 1-2.5(-5) cm x ca. 5 mm, adaxially flattened; blades chartaceous, flat, narrowly to broadly ovate to elliptic or oblong, (10-) 15-30(-40) x 5-10(-19) cm; base acute to obtuse or rounded, 80-110(-140)°; apex acute to obtuse, (40-) 70-90°, ultimately acuminate for up to 3.5 cm; margin plane; primary vein above flat to impressed, below prominent; secondary veins 10-16(-20) pairs, equidistant, eucamptodromous (apically brochidodrom-ous), above flat to impressed, below prominent, diverging at 45-60°, abruptly arching near margin, chordal angle 35-40°, the angle decreasing apically; tertiary veins above flat to slightly raised, below raised, conspicuously scalariform; higher-order veins above slightly raised, below raised; surface above olive-green to brown, the veins darker, below dark green to light brown; indument above absent, the primary vein tomentose, below puberulous to pubescent, the hairs dense to sparse, to 1.8 mm long, straight to curved to crisped, erect, yellowish to ferruginous, denser on the veins, persisting for at least two flushes. Staminate inflorescences: along whole length of flush, erect, peduncles 6-23 cm long, the hypopodia 1-6 cm x 1-4 mm, branch orders 3-6, the second-order branches 8-16, dispersed, lowest branch to 3(-7) cm long, color and indument of all axes as on twigs; bracts and bracteoles caducous (not seen). Staminate flowers: pedicels ca. 4 x 1 mm, the diameter even throughout; receptacle globose, ca. 2.8 x 1.5 mm, constricted at the place of tepal inception; tepals chartaceous to coriaceous, ovate, ca. 2 x 1.6 mm, at anthesis spreading, reddish brown, adaxially minutely puberulous; stamens of whorls I and II spathulate, the anthers reniform, ca. 1.2 x 1.2 mm, puberulous, the locelli 4, apical, in a shallow arch, the upper pair in-trorse, the lower pair latrorse, the glands absent; whorl III capitate, ca. 1.4 X 0.8 mm, puberulous, the locelli 4, the upper pair extrorse, the lower pair latrorse (to extrorse), the glands globular, ca. 0.8 mm diam.; whorl IV absent; all stamens brownish; pistillode filiform, ca. 2 X 0.8 mm, glabrous. Pistillate flowers: pistil ca. 3.2 X 2 mm; ovary ovoid to globose, ca. 2.4 mm long, glabrous. Fruits: pedicels to 15 X 3 mm, abruptly enlarging to form the cupule; cupule hemispherical, to 15 X 20 mm, smooth to tuberculate, the margin straight, tepals caducous; berry elliptic, to 30 x 20 mm.
Discussion:
Field notes. Trees to 15-30(-45) m tall and 20-40(-50) cm diam., already flowering when 7 m tall, on mature trees the crown formed by whorled horizontal branches; buttresses ca. 50 cm tall; outer bark smooth (papillose), grey; inner bark ca. 7 mm thick, grainy, mottled yellow and tan; wood yellow to white, rapidly oxidizing orange to black, heartwood black, wood aromatic; leaves above shiny green, the veins yellow, leaves below creamy white to brownish green. Pedicels yellow-brown; tepals greenish white; stamens/staminodes whitish, the glands green; ovary stigma white. Cupule orange-red. The wood is often used for construction. Irvine (Irvine 996) reports its being commonly used for making canoes, paddles, and as firewood in San José de Payamino in Amazonian Ecuador.Rhodostemonodaphne kunthiana characteristically has light yellow to whitish wood that rapidly oxidizes upon exposure to air. The flushing dynamics are also quite distinctive. Flowering individuals do not show as clear a seasonal break in growth as is characteristic of other species. Flowering occurs along the length of the flush from axils of leaves and cataphylls of current and preceding flush. The strong lateral branches overtopping the apical meristem is another feature not common in the genus.There is strong heteroblasty in this species. Sapling, stump-sprout, and understory leaves are broadly elliptic, large (reaching the upper limits of the range in both length and width), membranaceous, nearly glabrous when expanded, with widely spaced, slowly arching secondaries, and weakly percurrent tertiary venation. Canopy leaves, on the other hand, are generally narrowly elliptic to long-oblong, coriaceous, often with some kind of indument, with narrowly spaced and for the most part straight secondaries, and strongly percurrent tertiaries.It is also very probable that leaf morphology is influenced by different ecological conditions where the plants grow. The broadly elliptic leaf morphology is in general more common in montane or lowland alluvial soils, presumably high in nutrient content, while the narrowly elliptic type is often found on sites where relatively impoverished soils are likely.The inflorescences are strongly dimorphic. Staminate inflorescences are larger and more profusely branched than the pistillate ones, generally having branches of fourth order (fifth-order branches observed in the lower branches of vigorous inflorescences), although staminate individuals with the narrowly elliptic leaf type often have reduced inflorescences with branches up to three orders of branching (see below). The flowers are very uniform, with acute, wedge-shaped, spreading tepals, at anthesis resembling a six-pointed star. The glands of whorl III can be very large, protruding beyond the outer two anther whorls. In the genus Pleurothyrium all anthers were believed to bear a pair of glands, these often fusing and forming a glandular disk, hence the synonyms P. chrysothyrsus Meissner and P cowanianum C. K. Allen (cf. Allen, 1964, fig. 59) above. Note, however, that the glands of Pleurothyrium are, as in most other Lauraceae, present only in whorl III (Rohwer, 1986; van der Werff, 1993).Although the species is readily distinguished primarily on the basis of vegetative characteristics and the very constant floral morphology, a number of local variants can be identified. These, however, are linked by intermediates, thus making their recognition as distinct segregates impossible.The more distinct local variants are those plants found in the lowlands of the Amazon basin. Typically the Amazonian individuals have a very short, crisped, dense indument. The staminate inflorescences are much reduced both in length (rarely exceeding 12 cm) and branch order number (generally three; if four, then restricted to basalmost branches). These differences are most striking when comparing specimens from the eastern Andean foothills with those of the Amazonian lowlands.In Ecuador the separation between the two variant populations is most pronounced in the two versants of the Andes (cf. collections from Río Palenque west of the Andes and from Jatun Sacha to the east). Further south, although there are no collections from west of the Andes (probably a reflection of the drier climate in that region of Peru), the distinction between the plants found at higher elevations on the Andean foothills and those of the Amazonian lowlands is maintained. Furthermore, those plants from elevations above 1000 m in the states of Amazonas, San Martín, and Pasco represent a third variant with a lanose (densely long-pubescent) indument (cf. Díaz 4532, Gentry & Smith 45342, Matthews 3031 [type of P chrysothyrsus Meissner], D. N. Smith & Vásquez 4615, 4720, 4905, E. Vásquez 119, 120, and Young 4072). All along the western fringe of the Amazon basin only a few intermediates are found (Little 6646, Palacios 6247, 6251), whereas towards the north the Amazonian form gradually intergrades with the longer-haired form with longer, laxer inflorescences.If segregation into separate species were to be justified, I would then consider the specimens from Costa Rica, Panama, eastern lowlands of northern South America, and Andean slopes (excluding those typified by Pleurothyrium chrysothyrsus Meissner, see below) as conspecific. The correct name would be Ocotea cooperi C. K. Allen. The lanose specimens from high elevations (above 1000 m) on the E slopes of the Peruvian Andes cited above, would be typified by Pleurothyrium chrysothyrsus. All other specimens from the Amazonian lowlands, and those from N Colombia, N Venezuela, and the Guianas, would be typified by Acrodiclidium kunthianum Nees, i.e. Rhodos-temonodaphne kunthiana.Van der Werff (1991b) described Rhodostemono-daphne synandra on the basis of four specimens (one staminate, three pistillate) from the western edge of the Andes and adjacent lowlands of Ecuador and Peru. These are vegetatively indistinguishable from the broadly elliptic leaf form of R. kunthiana. However, at the one locality where two specimens of these two species have been collected (the Jatun Sacha biological station in Amazonian Ecuador; Neill & Palacios 7129 = R. synandra and Palacios 1689 = R. kunthiana), the representative form of R. kunthiana has narrowly elliptic leaves. Moreover, the inflorescences of R. synandra are peculiar in that the axes of all orders are much reduced in length. This, coupled with the larger flowers, results in a much constricted, apparently densely flowered inflorescence. The flowers are also very characteristic in having long filaments, those of whorls II and III being partially fused into a tube—hence the name R. synandra. This unique combination of characters and lack of intermediates warrants the recognition of R. synandra as a distinct species, although it is clearly very close to the variable R. kunthiana.In Costa Rica, R. kunthiana can be easily confused with Ocotea stenoneura Mez & Pittier. The name O. stenoneura is based on two syntypes, J. J. Cooper 10217 (now paratype of O. cooperi C. K. Allen—R. kunthiana) and Tonduz 13377 (lectotype of O. stenoneura) (Allen, 1945). Ocotea stenoneura has a long, decurrent, narrowly revolute leaf base which gives the impression of a long petiole—as in Rhodostemono-daphne kunthiana.Sterile material from the western lowlands of Colombia with dark-drying leaves and ferruginous indument on the lower leaf surface has repeatedly been identified as Rhodostemonodaphne kunthiana. I agree with Rohwer’s annotations that the venation is “completely wrong” in that this material lacks the typical scalariform pattern of R. kunthiana. These specimens probably belong to Pleurothyrium glabritepalum van der Werff.Pleurothyrium chrysothyrsus Meissner, based on Matthews 3031, was erroneously synonymized with Nectandra arnottiana Nees by Mez (1889). The identity of N. arnottiana Nees (=0. arnottiana (Nees) van der Werff) based on Matthews 1429 was clarified by van der Werff (1989a). Nectandra chrysothyrsus (Meissner) Bentham, also cited as a synonym of N. arnottiana Nees by Mez, is an invalid name because the combination was not clearly stated (Rohwer, 1993b).
Field notes. Trees to 15-30(-45) m tall and 20-40(-50) cm diam., already flowering when 7 m tall, on mature trees the crown formed by whorled horizontal branches; buttresses ca. 50 cm tall; outer bark smooth (papillose), grey; inner bark ca. 7 mm thick, grainy, mottled yellow and tan; wood yellow to white, rapidly oxidizing orange to black, heartwood black, wood aromatic; leaves above shiny green, the veins yellow, leaves below creamy white to brownish green. Pedicels yellow-brown; tepals greenish white; stamens/staminodes whitish, the glands green; ovary stigma white. Cupule orange-red. The wood is often used for construction. Irvine (Irvine 996) reports its being commonly used for making canoes, paddles, and as firewood in San José de Payamino in Amazonian Ecuador.Rhodostemonodaphne kunthiana characteristically has light yellow to whitish wood that rapidly oxidizes upon exposure to air. The flushing dynamics are also quite distinctive. Flowering individuals do not show as clear a seasonal break in growth as is characteristic of other species. Flowering occurs along the length of the flush from axils of leaves and cataphylls of current and preceding flush. The strong lateral branches overtopping the apical meristem is another feature not common in the genus.There is strong heteroblasty in this species. Sapling, stump-sprout, and understory leaves are broadly elliptic, large (reaching the upper limits of the range in both length and width), membranaceous, nearly glabrous when expanded, with widely spaced, slowly arching secondaries, and weakly percurrent tertiary venation. Canopy leaves, on the other hand, are generally narrowly elliptic to long-oblong, coriaceous, often with some kind of indument, with narrowly spaced and for the most part straight secondaries, and strongly percurrent tertiaries.It is also very probable that leaf morphology is influenced by different ecological conditions where the plants grow. The broadly elliptic leaf morphology is in general more common in montane or lowland alluvial soils, presumably high in nutrient content, while the narrowly elliptic type is often found on sites where relatively impoverished soils are likely.The inflorescences are strongly dimorphic. Staminate inflorescences are larger and more profusely branched than the pistillate ones, generally having branches of fourth order (fifth-order branches observed in the lower branches of vigorous inflorescences), although staminate individuals with the narrowly elliptic leaf type often have reduced inflorescences with branches up to three orders of branching (see below). The flowers are very uniform, with acute, wedge-shaped, spreading tepals, at anthesis resembling a six-pointed star. The glands of whorl III can be very large, protruding beyond the outer two anther whorls. In the genus Pleurothyrium all anthers were believed to bear a pair of glands, these often fusing and forming a glandular disk, hence the synonyms P. chrysothyrsus Meissner and P cowanianum C. K. Allen (cf. Allen, 1964, fig. 59) above. Note, however, that the glands of Pleurothyrium are, as in most other Lauraceae, present only in whorl III (Rohwer, 1986; van der Werff, 1993).Although the species is readily distinguished primarily on the basis of vegetative characteristics and the very constant floral morphology, a number of local variants can be identified. These, however, are linked by intermediates, thus making their recognition as distinct segregates impossible.The more distinct local variants are those plants found in the lowlands of the Amazon basin. Typically the Amazonian individuals have a very short, crisped, dense indument. The staminate inflorescences are much reduced both in length (rarely exceeding 12 cm) and branch order number (generally three; if four, then restricted to basalmost branches). These differences are most striking when comparing specimens from the eastern Andean foothills with those of the Amazonian lowlands.In Ecuador the separation between the two variant populations is most pronounced in the two versants of the Andes (cf. collections from Río Palenque west of the Andes and from Jatun Sacha to the east). Further south, although there are no collections from west of the Andes (probably a reflection of the drier climate in that region of Peru), the distinction between the plants found at higher elevations on the Andean foothills and those of the Amazonian lowlands is maintained. Furthermore, those plants from elevations above 1000 m in the states of Amazonas, San Martín, and Pasco represent a third variant with a lanose (densely long-pubescent) indument (cf. Díaz 4532, Gentry & Smith 45342, Matthews 3031 [type of P chrysothyrsus Meissner], D. N. Smith & Vásquez 4615, 4720, 4905, E. Vásquez 119, 120, and Young 4072). All along the western fringe of the Amazon basin only a few intermediates are found (Little 6646, Palacios 6247, 6251), whereas towards the north the Amazonian form gradually intergrades with the longer-haired form with longer, laxer inflorescences.If segregation into separate species were to be justified, I would then consider the specimens from Costa Rica, Panama, eastern lowlands of northern South America, and Andean slopes (excluding those typified by Pleurothyrium chrysothyrsus Meissner, see below) as conspecific. The correct name would be Ocotea cooperi C. K. Allen. The lanose specimens from high elevations (above 1000 m) on the E slopes of the Peruvian Andes cited above, would be typified by Pleurothyrium chrysothyrsus. All other specimens from the Amazonian lowlands, and those from N Colombia, N Venezuela, and the Guianas, would be typified by Acrodiclidium kunthianum Nees, i.e. Rhodos-temonodaphne kunthiana.Van der Werff (1991b) described Rhodostemono-daphne synandra on the basis of four specimens (one staminate, three pistillate) from the western edge of the Andes and adjacent lowlands of Ecuador and Peru. These are vegetatively indistinguishable from the broadly elliptic leaf form of R. kunthiana. However, at the one locality where two specimens of these two species have been collected (the Jatun Sacha biological station in Amazonian Ecuador; Neill & Palacios 7129 = R. synandra and Palacios 1689 = R. kunthiana), the representative form of R. kunthiana has narrowly elliptic leaves. Moreover, the inflorescences of R. synandra are peculiar in that the axes of all orders are much reduced in length. This, coupled with the larger flowers, results in a much constricted, apparently densely flowered inflorescence. The flowers are also very characteristic in having long filaments, those of whorls II and III being partially fused into a tube—hence the name R. synandra. This unique combination of characters and lack of intermediates warrants the recognition of R. synandra as a distinct species, although it is clearly very close to the variable R. kunthiana.In Costa Rica, R. kunthiana can be easily confused with Ocotea stenoneura Mez & Pittier. The name O. stenoneura is based on two syntypes, J. J. Cooper 10217 (now paratype of O. cooperi C. K. Allen—R. kunthiana) and Tonduz 13377 (lectotype of O. stenoneura) (Allen, 1945). Ocotea stenoneura has a long, decurrent, narrowly revolute leaf base which gives the impression of a long petiole—as in Rhodostemono-daphne kunthiana.Sterile material from the western lowlands of Colombia with dark-drying leaves and ferruginous indument on the lower leaf surface has repeatedly been identified as Rhodostemonodaphne kunthiana. I agree with Rohwer’s annotations that the venation is “completely wrong” in that this material lacks the typical scalariform pattern of R. kunthiana. These specimens probably belong to Pleurothyrium glabritepalum van der Werff.Pleurothyrium chrysothyrsus Meissner, based on Matthews 3031, was erroneously synonymized with Nectandra arnottiana Nees by Mez (1889). The identity of N. arnottiana Nees (=0. arnottiana (Nees) van der Werff) based on Matthews 1429 was clarified by van der Werff (1989a). Nectandra chrysothyrsus (Meissner) Bentham, also cited as a synonym of N. arnottiana Nees by Mez, is an invalid name because the combination was not clearly stated (Rohwer, 1993b).
Distribution and Ecology: Widespread from Costa Rica to central Bolivia, including the Amazon river basin, and the Guianas; mostly on non-inundated, lowland rain forest, but also in the Andes in upper-montane forest to 2350 m. Flowering specimens can be found throughout the year at different localities, but locally, flowering seems to be restricted to the onset of the dry season. In the Amazon basin the main dry season occurs towards the middle of the year, while in Central America, northern South America, and in the Andean region it is centered on the first months of the year. Fruiting normally occurs one or two months after flowering. The seeds germinate immediately after dropping to the ground.
Distribution:
Costa Rica South America| Alajuela Costa Rica Central America| Cartago Costa Rica Central America| Heredia Costa Rica Central America| Limón Costa Rica Central America| Puntarenas Costa Rica Central America| San José Costa Rica Central America| Panama Central America| Bocas del Toro Panamá Central America| Colombia South America| Amazonas Colombia South America| Antioquia Colombia South America| Chocó Colombia South America| Guajira Colombia South America| Meta Colombia South America| Venezuela South America| Amazonas Venezuela South America| Aragua Venezuela South America| Barinas Venezuela South America| Bolívar Venezuela South America| Falcón Venezuela South America| Mérida Venezuela South America| Miranda Venezuela South America| Zulia Venezuela South America| Guyana South America| Mazaruni-Potaro Guyana South America| Rupununi Guyana South America| Suriname South America| Marowijne Suriname South America| Saramacca Suriname South America| French Guiana South America| Ecuador South America| El Oro Ecuador South America| Esmeraldas Ecuador South America| Los Ríos Ecuador South America| Morona-Santiago Ecuador South America| Napo Ecuador South America| Pastaza Ecuador South America| Peru South America| Amazonas Peru South America| Cajamarca Peru South America| Junín Peru South America| Loreto Peru South America| Madre de Dios Peru South America| Pasco Peru South America| San Martín Peru South America| Brazil South America| Acre Brazil South America| Amazonas Brazil South America| Pará Brazil South America| Rondônia Brazil South America| Roraima Brazil South America| Bolivia South America| Beni Bolivia South America| Cochabamba Bolivia South America| La Paz Bolivia South America| Pando Bolivia South America| Santa Cruz Bolivia South America|
Costa Rica South America| Alajuela Costa Rica Central America| Cartago Costa Rica Central America| Heredia Costa Rica Central America| Limón Costa Rica Central America| Puntarenas Costa Rica Central America| San José Costa Rica Central America| Panama Central America| Bocas del Toro Panamá Central America| Colombia South America| Amazonas Colombia South America| Antioquia Colombia South America| Chocó Colombia South America| Guajira Colombia South America| Meta Colombia South America| Venezuela South America| Amazonas Venezuela South America| Aragua Venezuela South America| Barinas Venezuela South America| Bolívar Venezuela South America| Falcón Venezuela South America| Mérida Venezuela South America| Miranda Venezuela South America| Zulia Venezuela South America| Guyana South America| Mazaruni-Potaro Guyana South America| Rupununi Guyana South America| Suriname South America| Marowijne Suriname South America| Saramacca Suriname South America| French Guiana South America| Ecuador South America| El Oro Ecuador South America| Esmeraldas Ecuador South America| Los Ríos Ecuador South America| Morona-Santiago Ecuador South America| Napo Ecuador South America| Pastaza Ecuador South America| Peru South America| Amazonas Peru South America| Cajamarca Peru South America| Junín Peru South America| Loreto Peru South America| Madre de Dios Peru South America| Pasco Peru South America| San Martín Peru South America| Brazil South America| Acre Brazil South America| Amazonas Brazil South America| Pará Brazil South America| Rondônia Brazil South America| Roraima Brazil South America| Bolivia South America| Beni Bolivia South America| Cochabamba Bolivia South America| La Paz Bolivia South America| Pando Bolivia South America| Santa Cruz Bolivia South America|
Common Names:
quisarrá amarilla, quisarrá negra, sweetwood, Yaya, canelo, canau-yek, pisie oema, Jigua, jigua amarilla, yana quillu caspi yura, yacu ahua yura, wanchuctar, ishpingo, moena, moena amarilla de hoja ancha, roble, roble amarillo, roble playa, tinchi, yuwich, laurel, laurel amarillo, negrillo, aiju’i-heter, lapamaen, louro bofo
quisarrá amarilla, quisarrá negra, sweetwood, Yaya, canelo, canau-yek, pisie oema, Jigua, jigua amarilla, yana quillu caspi yura, yacu ahua yura, wanchuctar, ishpingo, moena, moena amarilla de hoja ancha, roble, roble amarillo, roble playa, tinchi, yuwich, laurel, laurel amarillo, negrillo, aiju’i-heter, lapamaen, louro bofo