Monographs Details:
Authority:
Bohs, Lynn A. 1994. Cyphomandra (Solanaceae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 63: 154. (Published by NYBG Press)
Bohs, Lynn A. 1994. Cyphomandra (Solanaceae). Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 63: 154. (Published by NYBG Press)
Family:
Solanaceae
Solanaceae
Description:
Species Description - Small tree 2-15 m tall. Branches glabrous to densely puberulent. Leaf blades simple, lobed or unlobed, subcoriaceous, acute to short-acuminate at apex, glabrous to sparsely and finely puberulent adaxially except for denser puberulence on main veins, glabrous to densely puberulent abaxially; petioles glabrous to densely puberulent, occasionally sparsely pilose with eglandular hairs 1-2 mm long. Trunk leaves simple, unlobed or pinnately (2-)3-5-lobed; if unlobed, the blade elliptic-ovate, 22-35 cm long, 12-21 cm wide, length:width ratio 1.5-2:1, the base cuneate, without basal lobes; if lobed, the blade 20-40 cm long, 20-25 cm wide, divided about halfway to midrib, the sinuses rounded, obtuse, the base cuneate to shallowly cordate with basal lobes up to 2 cm long; petioles 10-20 cm long. Crown leaves 4 per sympodial unit, simple, unlobed, the blade elliptic to ovate, 4-25 cm long, 4-15 cm wide, length:width ratio 1-2:1, the base cuneate to truncate or deeply cordate, often oblique, with basal lobes up to 5 cm long; petioles 1-5 cm long. Inflorescence usually unbranched or forked, rarely further branched, 20-40(-100)-flowered, 10-50 cm long; peduncle 4-10 cm long; rachises 3-0 cm long; pedicels 20-35 mm long, 25-35 mm long in fruit, (1-)4-10 mm apart, articulated near the base, leaving pedicellar remnants up to 1 mm long; peduncle, rachises, and pedicels glabrous to densely puberulent, often also sparsely to moderately eglandular-pilose with hairs 1-2 mm long. Flower buds narrowly oblong, obtuse at apex. Calyx fleshy, glabrous to densely puberulent, sometimes pilose at margin, the radius 3-5 mm, the lobes 1-2 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, truncate, apiculate. Corolla purple or whitish fading to green, fleshy or subcoriaceous, stellate, the radius 16-25 mm, the tube 1-2 mm long, the lobes narrowly oblong, 15-22 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, glabrous to moderately puberulent abaxially, sparsely villous adaxially, the margin densely ciliate with hairs 1-2 mm long, the apex obtuse. Anther thecae yellow or purplish, narrowly oblong to triangular, 8-10 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, the pores directed adaxially and distally; connective purple, narrowly oblong, 810 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, abaxially slightly shorter than thecae at apex, equal to or slightly exceeding them at base, adaxially present as a narrow swelling especially prominent toward base. Ovary glabrous to densely puberulent; style cylindrical, glabrous or occasionally sparsely puberulent, strongly dilated distally, 9-12 mm long, 0.5-1 mm in diam., exserted 2-3 mm beyond stamens; stigma umbrella-shaped, concave with two apical protuberances, 2-3 mm in diam. Fruits ellipsoidal or globose, obtuse at apex, 4-5 cm long, 3-5 cm in diam., glabrous to moderately puberulent, especially when young, the color when ripe unknown, but probably yellow or whitish; mesocarp with stone cell aggregates; seeds 5-6 mm long, 4-5 mm wide, rugose to sparsely puberulent, especially at margin.
Species Description - Small tree 2-15 m tall. Branches glabrous to densely puberulent. Leaf blades simple, lobed or unlobed, subcoriaceous, acute to short-acuminate at apex, glabrous to sparsely and finely puberulent adaxially except for denser puberulence on main veins, glabrous to densely puberulent abaxially; petioles glabrous to densely puberulent, occasionally sparsely pilose with eglandular hairs 1-2 mm long. Trunk leaves simple, unlobed or pinnately (2-)3-5-lobed; if unlobed, the blade elliptic-ovate, 22-35 cm long, 12-21 cm wide, length:width ratio 1.5-2:1, the base cuneate, without basal lobes; if lobed, the blade 20-40 cm long, 20-25 cm wide, divided about halfway to midrib, the sinuses rounded, obtuse, the base cuneate to shallowly cordate with basal lobes up to 2 cm long; petioles 10-20 cm long. Crown leaves 4 per sympodial unit, simple, unlobed, the blade elliptic to ovate, 4-25 cm long, 4-15 cm wide, length:width ratio 1-2:1, the base cuneate to truncate or deeply cordate, often oblique, with basal lobes up to 5 cm long; petioles 1-5 cm long. Inflorescence usually unbranched or forked, rarely further branched, 20-40(-100)-flowered, 10-50 cm long; peduncle 4-10 cm long; rachises 3-0 cm long; pedicels 20-35 mm long, 25-35 mm long in fruit, (1-)4-10 mm apart, articulated near the base, leaving pedicellar remnants up to 1 mm long; peduncle, rachises, and pedicels glabrous to densely puberulent, often also sparsely to moderately eglandular-pilose with hairs 1-2 mm long. Flower buds narrowly oblong, obtuse at apex. Calyx fleshy, glabrous to densely puberulent, sometimes pilose at margin, the radius 3-5 mm, the lobes 1-2 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, truncate, apiculate. Corolla purple or whitish fading to green, fleshy or subcoriaceous, stellate, the radius 16-25 mm, the tube 1-2 mm long, the lobes narrowly oblong, 15-22 mm long, 2-3 mm wide, glabrous to moderately puberulent abaxially, sparsely villous adaxially, the margin densely ciliate with hairs 1-2 mm long, the apex obtuse. Anther thecae yellow or purplish, narrowly oblong to triangular, 8-10 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, the pores directed adaxially and distally; connective purple, narrowly oblong, 810 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, abaxially slightly shorter than thecae at apex, equal to or slightly exceeding them at base, adaxially present as a narrow swelling especially prominent toward base. Ovary glabrous to densely puberulent; style cylindrical, glabrous or occasionally sparsely puberulent, strongly dilated distally, 9-12 mm long, 0.5-1 mm in diam., exserted 2-3 mm beyond stamens; stigma umbrella-shaped, concave with two apical protuberances, 2-3 mm in diam. Fruits ellipsoidal or globose, obtuse at apex, 4-5 cm long, 3-5 cm in diam., glabrous to moderately puberulent, especially when young, the color when ripe unknown, but probably yellow or whitish; mesocarp with stone cell aggregates; seeds 5-6 mm long, 4-5 mm wide, rugose to sparsely puberulent, especially at margin.
Discussion:
Cyphomandra endopogon is one of the most distinctive species in the genus, and can be recognized by its obtuse flower buds, long narrow corolla lobes bordered by conspicuous hairs, long narrow anthers, and long slender style strongly dilated at the summit into a broad stigma. The inflorescences are often spectacularly long, and sometimes bear small leaflike bracts near the base.Cyphomandra endopogon closely resembles C. stellata. However, C. endopogon has unbranched or forked inflorescences, obtuse flower buds, very long corolla lobes and anthers, and a very broad stigma, unlike C. stellata. Both C. endopogon subspecies guianensis and C. stellata have puberulent fruits. Cyphomandra endopogon and C. stellata have sympatric distributions in the western part of the Amazon basin, and they are so similar that C. stellata was previously considered a variety of C. endopogon (Bohs, 1986).Two subspecies are recognized within C. endopogon based on their differences in pubescence and disjunct distributions.
Cyphomandra endopogon is one of the most distinctive species in the genus, and can be recognized by its obtuse flower buds, long narrow corolla lobes bordered by conspicuous hairs, long narrow anthers, and long slender style strongly dilated at the summit into a broad stigma. The inflorescences are often spectacularly long, and sometimes bear small leaflike bracts near the base.Cyphomandra endopogon closely resembles C. stellata. However, C. endopogon has unbranched or forked inflorescences, obtuse flower buds, very long corolla lobes and anthers, and a very broad stigma, unlike C. stellata. Both C. endopogon subspecies guianensis and C. stellata have puberulent fruits. Cyphomandra endopogon and C. stellata have sympatric distributions in the western part of the Amazon basin, and they are so similar that C. stellata was previously considered a variety of C. endopogon (Bohs, 1986).Two subspecies are recognized within C. endopogon based on their differences in pubescence and disjunct distributions.
Distribution:
Colombia South America| Ecuador South America| Brazil South America| Peru South America| French Guiana South America|
Colombia South America| Ecuador South America| Brazil South America| Peru South America| French Guiana South America|