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Term	Definition
Gynobasic style	Referring to a style arising from the base of the ovary. Gynobasic styles are of two types: 1) the style is inserted laterally at the base of a syncarpous ovary as in Chrysobalanaceae and Rhabdodendraceae 2) the style arises from the center of an apocarpous ovary as in many species of Lamiaceae.
Gynodioecy (gynodioecious)	Referring to a sexual condition of a species that bears pistillate flowers on some plants and bisexual flowers or staminate flowers as well as pistillate flowers on other plants.
Gynoecium (Pl. = gynoecia)	The female part of the flower (i.e., the pistil).
Gynoecium apocarpous	Referring to a gynoecium of distinct carpels; e.g., many species of Annonaceae, Crassulaceae, Menispermaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, etc. Compare with syncarpous.
Gynoecium syncarpous	A gynoecium composed of fused carpels.
Gynomonoecy (gynomonoecious)	Referring to a sexual condition of a species that bears pistillate flowers and bisexual flowers on same plants.
Gynophore	Stalk of the ovary; e.g., in Capparaceae and Simaroubaceae. Same as stipe.
Gynostemium	In the Aristolochiaceae, a structure formed by the fusion of the stamens to the style and stigma.
Habitat	The place where a plant grows, for example in a wet area along a stream, in a pond, rain forest, savanna etc.
Hapaxanthy (hapaxanthic or hapaxanthous)	Referring to plants that die after a single episode of flowering and fruiting; e.g., many bambusoid Poaceae, some palms, and and some Tachigali (Fabaceae). Same as monocarpic and semelparic and opposite of polycarpic, iteroparic, and pleionanthic.
Haploid	Having one set of chromosomes. See diploid.
Haplostemonous	Referring to an androecium with a single series of stamens in one whorl.
Hard bast	The inner non-functional part of the xylem, i.e., the dead part of the xylem that no longer transports water and nutrients to the leaves but serves as support for the plant. Same as heartwood.
Hastate	In the shape of an arrowhead but with the basal lobes spreading at more or less right angles to the long axis.
Haustorium (plural = haustoria)	The tissue-penetratingand food-absorbing organ of a parasitic plant.
Heartwood	The inner non-functional part of the xylem, i.e., the dead part of the xylem that no longer transports water and nutrients to the leaves but serves as support for the plant.
Hemi-legumbre (hemilegumbre)	Es el fruto de una leguminosa en el que las semillas y una de las valvas son dispersas como una unidad. La valva al ser dispersa por el viento vuela con las semillas que están unidas a ella
Hemi-legume (hemilegume)	A legume fruit in which the seed or seeds and one valve of the pod are dispersed as a unit. The valve catches the wind and blows away with the seeds.
Hemiepífita	Planta que durante una parte de su ciclo de vida crece sobre otra planta sin tener contacto con el suelo y durante otra parte de su ciclo de vida está en contacto con el suelo. Las hemiepífitas pueden ser primarias (descendentes), las que comienzan creciendo sobre un hospedero (generalmente un árbol), desarrollan largas raíces aéreas hasta alcanzar el suelo y terminan su ciclo de vida como terrestres (e.g. Clusia [Clusiaceae]); o secundarias (ascendentes), las que inicialmente crecen sobre el suelo como las hierbas, para después trepar sobre un hospedero y ahi terminar su ciclo de vida, sin tener contacto con el suelo (e.g. Anthurium, Philodendron [Araceae]). Comparar con epífitas.
Hemiepífita primaria	Se aplica a una planta (e.g., Clusia spp., Clusiaceae) que empieza su ciclo de vida sobre un hospedero, sin estar en contacto con el suelo y que desarrolla raíces aéreas que alcanzan el suelo para terminar su ciclo de vida como una planta terrestre.
Hemiepífita secundaria	Se aplica a una planta que empieza su ciclo de vida sobre el suelo, como una hierba, y que luego se desarrolla sobre un hospedero sin tener contacto con el suelo (e.g., Anthurium, Philodendron [Araceae]). Comparar con epífita, hemiepífita y hemiepífita primaria
Hemiepiphyte	A plant that grows for part of its life on other plants without connection to the ground and for part of its life with a connection to the ground. A primary hemiepiphyte (e.g., Clusia spp., Clusiaceae) begins life without a connection with the ground but later develops aerial roots that reach the ground. A secondary hemiepiphyte (e.g., various species of Araceae) grows from the ground onto its support and later loses its connection with the ground. Compare with epiphyte.
Hemiparasite	A plant that both photosynthesizes and extracts some of its nutrition from a host; e.g., speices of Loranthaceae and Viscaceae.
Herb	A nonwoody plant. Large as well as small plants may be herbaceous; the largest native herb in the Neotropics is Phenakospermum guyannense (Strelitziaceae).
Herbarium (plural = herbaria)	A herbarium is a repository for plant collectons which consist of herbarium sheets, separate fruit collections, pickled collections, DNA collections, and images depicting plants in the field. The larger herbaria of the world are described in an online resource called Index Herbariorum (http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp).
Herbivory (herbivorous)	Feeding on plants (referring to an animal that feeds on plants).
Herkogamy (herkogamous)	In bisexual flowers, the placement of the male (staminate) and female (pistillate) flowers in different positions within the same plant; for example, a heterostylous species is also a herkogamous species. Approach herkogamy is when the sigma protrodes beyond the stamens and reverse herkogamy is when the anthers protrude beyond the stigma. In the first case, the pollinator touches the stigma before it reaches the anthers and in the second place the pollinator touches the anthers before it reaches the stigma.
Hermaphrodite	See bisexual; in the Mimosaceae, referring to the presence of both staminate and pistillate flowers in the same inflorescence.
Hesperidium	A berrylike fruit with tough or coriaceous outer rind, e.g., the fruit of most species of Citrus (Rutaceae).
Heteranthery (adj. = heterantherous)	A flower that contains two types of pollen, one that germinates and is found in anthers and another that does not germinate and serves as a pollinator reward.
Heteranthery (adj. = heterantherous)	A flower that contains two types of pollen, one that germinates and is found in anthers and another that does not germinate and is found antherodes; the latter serves as a pollinator reward.
Heteranthery (heterantherous)	Heteromorphic stamens of a species of Swartzia from an unvouchered plant from Amazonas, Brazil. This is also called heteranthery and when there are only two variations in the morphology of a structure it can also be referred to as dimorphic. This species is apocarpic as evidenced by the separate styles, a rare occurence in legumes which in general have species with a single pistil. Same as differentiated anthers.
Heterochlamydeous	Referring to a flower with differentiated calyx and corolla; same as biseriate perianth. Compare with monochlamydeous.
Heteromorphic	Referring to structures or organs within a species or individual that differ in form or size; e.g., the simple juvenile and pinnately compound leaves of Syagrus inajai (Arecaceae). Compare with dimorphic and monomorphic.
Heteromorphic stamens	Stamens of two distinct types; one type usually bears fertile pollen and the other type bears sterile or fodder pollen; e.g., Lecythis zabucajo (Lecythidaceae) and species of Senna (Fabaceae).
Heterophylly (heterophyllous)	Referring to species or individuals with leaves that differ in size or shape. See heteromorphic.
Heterospory (heterosporous)	Producing two different kinds of spores; e.g., those giving rise to the microgametophytes and megagametophytes of Selaginella, Isoetes, and the flowering plants and the
Heterostyly (heterostylous)	A condition in which the style and stamen lengths vary among individuals of the same species; e.g., in Coussarea racemosa (Rubiaceae), with flowers with long styles and short stamens and flowers with short styles and long stamens in different trees of the same population. The long-styled flowers are called pin flowers and the short-styled flowers are called thrum flowers.
Heterotroph (heterotrophic)	Unable to synthesize organic compounds from inorganic substrates, i.e., this kind of plant does not photosynethesize and is not green in color because it lacks chlorophyll.
Higher order venation	All venation smaller in diameter than tertiary venation.
Hilum (hilar)	A scar on the seed indicating where the funicle was attached.
Hippuriform	Shaped like a horse’s tail; e.g., the inflorescences of species of Oenocarpus (Arecaceae).
Hispid (diminutive = hispidulose)	With dense, stiff trichomes.
Hoja imparipinnada	Se refiere a una hoja compuesta que posee un foliolo impar en la porción distal. Comparar con paripinnada
Hoja paripinnada	Se refiere a una hoja compuesta que posee un par de foliolos en la porción distal. Equivalente a bipinnada. Comparar con imparipinnada
Holoparasite	An achlorophyllous plant that derives all of its nutrition from its host; e.g., species of Balanophoraceae and Rafflesiaceae.
Holotype	A single specimen designated by the author of the species to represent that species. If there are duplicates of that specimen, they are called isotypes.
Homoecy (adj. = homoecious)	A species that bears only bisexual flowers on each plant.
Homoecy (homoecious)	Referring to a species that bears only bisexual flowers on each plant.
Homospory (homosporous)	Producing a single kind of spore; e.g., as in bryophytes, Lycopodium, and most but not all species of ferns.
Hoop mark	A raised ring caused by bud scale scars that may partially or completely encircle the trunk of a tree.
Horn	An flora appendage shaped like an animal’s horn; e.g., the horn of the corona of Apocynaceae subfamily Asclepiadoideae.
Host	In botany, a plant upon which another plant or an animal feed on or parasitizes; e.g., many trees are hosts for parasitic plants such as mistletoes.
Hot spot	A concept first developed by Norman Myers in which priority for conservation is based on the idea that it will be too costly to protect all species throughout the world; thus, Myers suggested that areas with high degrees of endemism and which are under going rapid lost of habitat should be given priority for protection. As many as 44% of all species of vascular plants and 35% of all species in four vertebrate groups are confined to 25 hotspots comprising only 1.4% of the land surface of the Earth. The idea of this strategy is to put maximum effort into protecting these areas. See Myers, N. et al. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403: 853-858.
Hybrid (hybridization)	The result of a cross between genetically dissimilar individuals, most commonly referring to crosses between two different species.
Hypanthium	A floral tube made up of fused parts of the perianth and sometimes including receptacular tissue. The tube may be free from the ovary as in perigynous flowers or it may be fused to the ovary as in epignynous flowers.
Hypha (plural = hyphae)	The filaments of a fungus that combine to form the above ground mushroom and the below ground part of the fungus, the latter are analagous to the roots of vascular plants. In a mycorrhizal relationship, the hyphae attach to roots of plants and mediate the movement of carbohydrates to the fungus and minerals from the fungus to the plant.
Hypocarp	The swollen pedicel that subtends the fruit of Anacardium (Anacardiaceae). Also called the cashew apple.
Hypocotyl	The part of the main axis of a seed embryo or a very young seedling found below the cotyledonary node.
Hypocotyl	The part of the main axis of a seed embryo (or a very young seedling) found below the cotyledonary node. The roots grow from the hypocotyl.
Hypocrateriform	Referring to the shape of a sympetalous corolla in which the tube is slender and the lobes are abruptly spreading and flat. Same as salverform which is preferred over hypocrateriform.
Hypogeal germination	A type of seed germination in which the cotyledons are retained below the ground.
Hypogeous fruits	Immature fruits that penetrate the ground where they develop to maturity, the best examples are the hypogeous fruits of the peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and other legumes.
Hypogynium	A disc or cuplike structure below the ovary of some Cyperaceae.
Hypogynous bristle	Hairlike filaments arising from the base of the achene in some species of Cyperaceae.
Hypogynous ovary	Referring to a flower in which 1) the sepals, petals, and stamens are free from one another and arise from beneath the ovary, e.g., the flowers of Ranunculaceae or 2) bristles or other structures as well as stamens arise from below the ovary, e.g., the bristles of some species of Cyperaceae and the modified bracts of species of Poaceae. Compare with epigynous and perigynous.
Icthyochory (icthyochorous)	Referring to the process by which diaspores are moved from one place to the other (dispersed) by fish. Same as fish seed dispersal.
Igapó	A Portuguese term referring to forest growing in areas periodically indundated by acidic, black-colored water (also called white water).
Igapó	A Portuguese term referring to forest growing in areas periodically indundated by acidic, black-colored water (also called white water). See Prance (1979) for more information about forests subjected to inundation in Amazonia. See Prance (1979) for more information about forests subjected to inundation in Amazonia.
Imbricate	Referring to a type of aestivation in which the sepals or petals overlap at the adjacent edges or to the overlapping leaf bases as found in some species of Bromeliaceae.
Imbricate-contorted aestivation	A type of aestivation in which one edge of the structure (e.g., a petal) is above and the other below the structure on each side of it.
Immersed	Embedded in the substance of a structure. Compare with impressed.
Imparipinnada	Se refiere a una hoja compuesta que posee un foliolo impar en la porción distal. Comparar con paripinnada
Imparipinnate leaf	Pinnate with an uneven number of leaflets, i.e., with a terminal leaflet. Same as odd pinnate.
Imperfect flower	Referring to a flower that possesses only male (= staminate flower) or female (= pistillate flower) flowers .

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