The New York Botanical Garden - User contributions [en]

How to georeference collection localities

2026-02-26T21:11:27Z

Egjieli: /* Natural History Community Georeferencing Best Practices: */

== NYBG Georeferencing Training: ==

'''Part 1: Introduction and Mapping Tools''' [[Media:NYBG_Georeferencing_Training_2025_Part_1_Introduction_and_Mapping_Tools.pdf]]

'''Part 2: Methods and Protocols''' [[Media:NYBG_Georeferencing_Training_2025_Part_2_Methods_and_Protocols.pdf]]

'''Part 3: Step-by-step examples''' [[Media:NYBG_Georeferencing_Training_2025_Part_3_Step-by-step_Examples.pdf]]

'''Part 4: Entering into EMu''' [[Media:NYBG Georeferencing 2025_Part 4 EMu.pdf]]

'''Locality Types Infographic''' [[Media:Locality_Types.pdf]]

'''Georeferencing Remarks Documentation''' [[Media:Georeferencing_Remarks_2023.doc]]

== Natural History Community Georeferencing Best Practices: ==

'''[https://doi.org/10.35035/e09p-h128 Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide, 2022]'''

'''[https://github.com/VertNet/georefcalculator/releases/tag/v20201124 MaNIS Georeferencing Calculator: Local Copy]'''

'''[https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810412331280211 The point-radius method for georeferencing locality descriptions and calculating associated uncertainty]'''

'''Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide, 2012''' [[Media:GeoreferencingQuickReferenceGuide_2012.pdf]]

'''Biogeomancer Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing''' [[Media:Biogeomancer Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing.pdf]]

How to request a map

2025-10-23T17:57:36Z

Egjieli:

All GIS-related requests should be submitted via email to Liz Gjieli at egjieli@nybg.org. When submitting your request, please include the following:

'''Map type and quantity:'''
Specify the type(s) of map requested (e.g., new species distribution, species range, area of occupancy or extent of occurrence calculations, niche modeling) and the number of maps requested, if applicable. It is also helpful to know the purpose of the map (for publication, presentation, exploratory spatial data analysis, IUCN Red List assessment, etc.).

'''Data:'''
Provide relevant spatial or tabular data for map production, and list any preferred base layers to include (e.g., political boundaries, terrain, aerial imagery, hydrography, land use, etc.).

''Accepted data formats:''
*'''Occurrence Data:''' A CSV file (.csv) with coordinates in decimal degrees (latitude and longitude) is preferred. Include additional fields where available, such as species name, locality description, collection date, and NY barcode.
*'''GIS Data:''' Shapefiles (.shp) should be submitted with all required companion files in a zipped folder. Additional accepted formats include layer files (.lyr), file geodatabases (.gdb), and Google Earth files (.kml, .kmz). Raster data, representing gridded continuous surfaces, can be provided in .geotiff, .jpeg/.jpg), .bil, or .asc formats.

'''Color preference:'''
Indicate whether you prefer grayscale or color maps, and note any preferred color-schemes or palettes.

'''Deadline:'''
Specify the approximate date the map is needed. Please allow at least two weeks from the date of your request.

Please note that georeferencing collection localities for map requests is time-intensive and may require assistance from support staff, thus may require funding.

Last updated: 23 Oct 2025

File:NYBG Georeferencing Training 2025 Part 1 Introduction and Mapping Tools.pdf

2025-03-06T15:14:15Z

Egjieli: Egjieli uploaded a new version of File:NYBG Georeferencing Training 2025 Part 1 Introduction and Mapping Tools.pdf

How to georeference collection localities

2025-03-06T15:11:45Z

Egjieli:

== NYBG Georeferencing Training: ==

'''Part 1: Introduction and Mapping Tools''' [[Media:NYBG_Georeferencing_Training_2025_Part_1_Introduction_and_Mapping_Tools.pdf]]

'''Part 2: Methods and Protocols''' [[Media:NYBG_Georeferencing_Training_2025_Part_2_Methods_and_Protocols.pdf]]

'''Part 3: Step-by-step examples''' [[Media:NYBG_Georeferencing_Training_2025_Part_3_Step-by-step_Examples.pdf]]

'''Part 4: Entering into EMu''' [[Media:NYBG Georeferencing 2025_Part 4 EMu.pdf]]

'''Locality Types Infographic''' [[Media:Locality_Types.pdf]]

'''Georeferencing Remarks Documentation''' [[Media:Georeferencing_Remarks_2023.doc]]

== Natural History Community Georeferencing Best Practices: ==

'''[https://doi.org/10.35035/e09p-h128 Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide, 2022]'''

'''[https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810412331280211 The point-radius method for georeferencing locality descriptions and calculating associated uncertainty]'''

'''Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide, 2012''' [[Media:GeoreferencingQuickReferenceGuide_2012.pdf]]

'''Biogeomancer Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing''' [[Media:Biogeomancer Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing.pdf]]

File:NYBG Georeferencing Training 2025 Part 1 Introduction and Mapping Tools.pdf

2025-03-06T15:11:30Z

Egjieli:

File:NYBG Georeferencing Training 2025 Part 2 Methods and Protocols.pdf

2025-03-06T15:10:03Z

Egjieli:

File:NYBG Georeferencing Training 2025 Part 3 Step-by-step Examples.pdf

2025-03-06T15:09:00Z

Egjieli:

How to georeference collection localities

2024-12-12T19:43:34Z

Egjieli: /* NYBG Georeferencing Training: */

== NYBG Georeferencing Training: ==

'''Part 1: Introduction and Mapping Tools''' [[Media:Georeferencing Training 2025_Part 1 Introduction and Mapping Tools.pdf]]

'''Part 2: Methods and Protocols''' [[Media:Georeferencing Training 2025 Part 2 Methods and Protocols.pdf]]

'''Part 3: Step-by-step examples''' [[Media:Georeferencing Training 2025_Part 3 Examples.pdf]]

'''Part 4: Entering into EMu''' [[Media:NYBG Georeferencing 2025_Part 4 EMu.pdf]]

'''Locality Types Infographic''' [[Media:Locality_Types.pdf]]

'''Georeferencing Remarks Documentation''' [[Media:Georeferencing_Remarks_2023.doc]]

== Natural History Community Georeferencing Best Practices: ==

'''[https://doi.org/10.35035/e09p-h128 Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide, 2022]'''

'''[https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810412331280211 The point-radius method for georeferencing locality descriptions and calculating associated uncertainty]'''

'''Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide, 2012''' [[Media:GeoreferencingQuickReferenceGuide_2012.pdf]]

'''Biogeomancer Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing''' [[Media:Biogeomancer Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing.pdf]]

File:Georeferencing Training 2025 Part 3 Examples.pdf

2024-12-12T19:43:21Z

Egjieli:

How to georeference collection localities

2024-12-12T18:59:09Z

Egjieli: /* NYBG Georeferencing Training: */

== NYBG Georeferencing Training: ==

'''Part 1: Introduction and Mapping Tools''' [[Media:Georeferencing Training 2025_Part 1 Introduction and Mapping Tools.pdf]]

'''Part 2: Methods and Protocols''' [[Media:Georeferencing Training 2025 Part 2 Methods and Protocols.pdf]]

'''Part 3: Step-by-step examples''' [[Media:Georeferencing Training 2025_Part 3 Step-by-step Examples.pdf]]

'''Part 4: Entering into EMu''' [[Media:NYBG Georeferencing 2025_Part 4 EMu.pdf]]

'''Locality Types Infographic''' [[Media:Locality_Types.pdf]]

'''Georeferencing Remarks Documentation''' [[Media:Georeferencing_Remarks_2023.doc]]

== Natural History Community Georeferencing Best Practices: ==

'''[https://doi.org/10.35035/e09p-h128 Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide, 2022]'''

'''[https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810412331280211 The point-radius method for georeferencing locality descriptions and calculating associated uncertainty]'''

'''Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide, 2012''' [[Media:GeoreferencingQuickReferenceGuide_2012.pdf]]

'''Biogeomancer Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing''' [[Media:Biogeomancer Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing.pdf]]

File:Georeferencing Training 2025 Part 1 Introduction and Mapping Tools.pdf

2024-12-12T18:58:53Z

Egjieli:

File:Georeferencing Training 2025 Part 2 Methods and Protocols.pdf

2024-12-12T18:56:35Z

Egjieli:

How to georeference collection localities

2024-12-11T19:37:53Z

Egjieli:

== NYBG Georeferencing Training: ==

'''Part 1: Introduction and Mapping Tools''' [[Media:NYBG_Georeferencing_2023_Part_1_Introduction_and_Mapping_Tools.pdf]]

'''Part 2: Methods and Protocols''' [[Media:NYBG_Georeferencing_2023_Part_2_Methods_and_Protocols.pdf]]

'''Part 3: Step-by-step examples''' [[Media:NYBG_Georeferencing_2023_Part_3_Step-by-step_examples.pdf]]

'''Part 4: Entering into EMu''' [[Media:NYBG Georeferencing 2025_Part 4 EMu.pdf]]

'''Locality Types Infographic''' [[Media:Locality_Types.pdf]]

'''Georeferencing Remarks Documentation''' [[Media:Georeferencing_Remarks_2023.doc]]

== Natural History Community Georeferencing Best Practices: ==

'''[https://doi.org/10.35035/e09p-h128 Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide, 2022]'''

'''[https://doi.org/10.1080/13658810412331280211 The point-radius method for georeferencing locality descriptions and calculating associated uncertainty]'''

'''Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide, 2012''' [[Media:GeoreferencingQuickReferenceGuide_2012.pdf]]

'''Biogeomancer Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing''' [[Media:Biogeomancer Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing.pdf]]

File:NYBG Georeferencing 2025 Part 4 EMu.pdf

2024-12-11T19:36:05Z

Egjieli:

File:NYBG Georeferencing 2023 Part 4 EMu.pdf

2024-12-10T17:11:33Z

Egjieli: Egjieli uploaded a new version of File:NYBG Georeferencing 2023 Part 4 EMu.pdf

GIS Lab

2024-11-27T15:48:50Z

Egjieli:

The GIS Laboratory contains 6 workstations equipped with state-of-the-art GIS software including Esri ArcGIS Pro 3.1, Esri ArcGIS Desktop Advanced 10.8, QGIS 3.30 (open source), and Maxent 3.4 (open source) for species modeling.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are specialized software for the storage, sharing, visualization, and analysis of geographically-referenced data. The datasets of a GIS, called layers, are representations of real-world phenomena, such as points representing plant collections. GIS allows for the exploration of spatial relationships through these data layers, which often reveal biogeographical patterns which can only be discovered once spatially-aligned and plotted collaboratively on a map.

Location: IPSC 3C

Contact: Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org

== Geography Help ==

[[Standardized administrative subdivisions]]

[[Geography Exceptions to the Rule]]

[[Sites Module]]

[[Colored herbarium map]]

== GIS Lab How To's ==

[[How to georeference collection localities]]

[[How to request a map]]

Colored herbarium map

2024-11-27T15:46:48Z

Egjieli: Created page with "File:Herbarium Folder Color Map.pdf"

[[File:Herbarium Folder Color Map.pdf]]

Filing Instructions

2024-11-27T15:46:45Z

Egjieli:

Follow these procedures when filing newly mounted specimens, returned loans and specimens that have been removed from the cases for study.

 

'''Watch for''':           -[[Vascular Types|Type specimens]], and give them to Amy Weiss.

                            -Specimens stamped ‘Record’ that have been determined and the ‘record’ is not crossed out; give these to Nicole Tarnowsky.           

'''NOTE''': There are several blue folders of tour specimens in the cabinet marked “Pterocarpus rohrii”, in the legumes on the 3rd floor of the herbarium. They are not misfiled and should be left where they are.

 

== SORTING PROCEDURE ==

 

1.  Sort all material to family. Arrange families by family number.

 

2. Within each family, sort the genera alphabetically.

 

'''NOTE''': At this point check the [[Specimens to set aside for staff|list of taxa]] that should not be filed by you and direct them to the appropriate staff member or graduate student.

 

3.  Sort each genus by geographical region. Consult the [[colored herbarium map]], a geographical dictionary and  Index Herbariorum Part II (Collectors) as needed. Small islands are filed with the closest geographical area. Specimens are filed in the herbarium in the following sequence:

                US  United States and Canada (includes Greenland)

                CA  Mexico and Central America (includes Baja California)

                WI  West Indies (includes The Bahamas and Bermuda)

                BR  Brazil (Only the following families should be filed with Brazil as a separate geographical region!)

                    47  Bromeliaceae

                    51   Juncaceae

                    56  Velloziaceae

                    64  Burmanniaceae

                    71  Chloranthaceae

                    90  Balanophoraceae

                    146  Chrysobalanaceae

                    148  Connaraceae

                    171.1  Krameriaceae

                    172  Dichapetalaceae

                    209  Caryocaraceae

                    224  Flacourtiaceae

                    245  Lecythidaceae

                    269  Sapotaceae

                SA  South America (includes Trinidad and Tobago)

                EUR  Europe (includes Iceland and part of the former USSR)

                AFR  Africa (includes Madagascar, Seychelles & Kerguelen Islands)

                NAS  Northern Asia (includes part of the former USSR)

                TAS  Tropical Asia (includes Hainan)

                AUS  Australia (includes New Zealand)

                PAC  Pacifica (includes Hawaii, New Caledonia, & Easter Island/Rapa Nui)

 

4.  Within each geographic region sort the specimens alphabetically by species name. Paratypes, type photographs and mounted species descriptions are filed in the general herbarium under the currently accepted name, not the basionym. If such a specimen is marked with the basionym only and there is no cross reference sheet in the herbarium consult Index Kewensis, IPNI, TROPICOS or ask Nicole.

 

5. Hybrids that have published names are put in a separate folder with that name (e.g., Ipomoea x grandifolia (Dammer) O'Donnell) and are filed in the sequence as if there was no ‘X’. If a genus has many hybrids without published epithets (e.g. Salix eriocephala Michx. x S. candida Fluegge ), they should be put in a folder marked “hybrids” at the end of the genus before the indets. If there are only a few specimens they may be filed under the first name to appear on the label.

 

6.  Genus indets. are filed at the end of the genus. Family indets. are filed at the end of the family.

 

7.  Separate fruits are filed in boxes after the indets., at the end of the family.

 

== FILING PROCEDURE ==

 

1.  Assemble all materials needed: herbarium cart, specimens, old genus covers, new species covers, paper, pencil, black marker. Willis' Dictionary of plant names and a geographical dictionary are also helpful.

 

2.  Take the cart to the cases; always remove the folder from the case and open it on the cart or on the top of a half -high case.

 

3.  If there are several folders of one species check to see if the species has been split into infraspecific taxa or by further geography. Put new specimens in the thinnest appropriate folder. Do not fill folders beyond a thickness of 1 1/2 inches. Overstuffed folders do not properly cover the specimens and may damage the specimens. Literature and photographs are filed on top in the first folder for that name, otherwise there is no arrangement to the specimens within a folder.

 

4.  Add new species covers as required. Write the name in pencil on the lower left hand corner. When a name looks like a new combination (e.g. Phlox gladiformis (Jones) E. Nelson) try to determine where the remainder of the specimens are and file all together with proper cross referencing.

 

5.  When a new genus cover is needed, prepare a temporary cover making certain that the whole of the alphabet is accounted for with regard to epithets (see #6). In black ink, write the family number and name, the genus name, the portion of the genus contained in the cover, and the geographical region on the appropriate part of the cover. Put your initials and the month and year on each temporary cover made. Make a new species cover as in #4, and insert specimens.  If you notice a temporary genus cover with an old date please add it to your list and add the current month and year to the temporary cover.

 

'''NOTE''': If you cannot find the genus cover into which a specimen should be filed BE SUSPICIOUS! Unless it is newly described or from an unusual place, specimens of the genus are probably filed elsewhere.

First check to be sure that the family is correct. If the family is correct, check again for a reference sheet indicating that the genus is synonymous with another. Also check in adjacent cubby holes to see if the genus cover was misfiled. Lastly, consult Index Kewensis, IPNI or TROPICOS for synonymy and also possible misspelling. If there is no synonym, make a new genus cover. If there is a synonym, request a cross reference sheet (1/2 sheet).

 

'''IMPORTANT''': For barcoded specimens, if you follow a cross reference and file a specimen under a name different than the label, PLEASE change the filed as name in EMu to match where it is actually filed.

 

6. Make a list of new genus covers needed as you prepare temporary covers. Please be certain that the list is legible and double spaced if typed, so that the typist can read it. Remember to use family names ending in -aceae (eg. Poaceae not Graminae). Arrange the list in the following manner:

 

                145  ROSACEAE

                                Rosa aa - cz                          U.S. & Canada

                                R. da - rugosa I                                    "

                                R. rugosa II                                           "

                                R. rugosa                                               "

                                R. ruh - zz, indet.                                  "

 

                173  EUPHORBIACEAE

                                Manihot chu - dz                         S. Amer.

 

'''NOTE''': Do not number with Roman numerals beyond the second cover. This way if the genus is divided into infraspecific taxa those names can be neatly written on the cover.  Also, do not request folders in this format: Rosa rugosa II--zz since this will limit amount of specimens that can be added; however, Rosas rugosa--zz is ok (Rosa rugosa II can go before Rosa rugosa--zz).

'''ALSO''': When requesting new folders for South American specimens, make it clear on your request list whether the folder should say “South America”, “South America except Brazil”, or “Brazil”, depending on whether or not those specimens have Brazil as a separate geopgraphical region.

 

=== INFRASPECIFIC DIVISION OF SPECIMENS ===

If a species has been divided into infraspecific taxa always leave some folders with just the species name (binomial) because some specimens will be identified only to species. For example, a folder in this format:

                                                Campsiandra lb – macrocarpa var. aa – az

 does not allow for a separate folder for specimens only identified to species. In this case, it should be broken up into two folders,

                                                Campsiandra lb – macrocarpa I

                                                Campsiandra macrocarpa  var. aa - az

 Some species have the infraspecific epithet  used at both the subspecific and varietal rank depending on who has annotated them.  In such a case interfile both subsp. and var. in alphabetical order.

 

7. When you are finished filing, give your genus cover request list and filing report to Nicole.

 

8.  When you are filing please correct any errors that you find, such as a misfiled folder. Give door cards that need to be retyped to Nicole. If you encounter a large problem make a note of the case and give it to Nicole. Additionally, alert Nicole to any case that is becoming too full to file new specimens in. Tell Nicole immediately about any evidence of insect infestation.

 

 

== RETURNED LOANS ==

1.  Sort material as for newly mounted specimens.

 

2.  Check that any separate fruits have annotations. If the separate fruits weren't annotated, try to match them by collector name and collection number to the corresponding herbarium sheet and duplicate the annotation.

 

3.  Put specimens needing repair on the table outside of the mounting room with a drop tag indicating the number of sheets and your name so that they will be returned to you for filing. If a loan looks as though it is damaged from poor handling, or appears to have been insect damaged while on loan, show it to Nicole.

 

4. After filing the material, match the herbarium drop tag to the information on the green drop tags. If the loan was completely returned remove the tag(s), sign your initials and the date and give the green and herbarium drop tags to Nicole.  If the loan was partially returned note that and the date on the tag and return it to the case. Sign your initials and date to one of the green drop tags and give them to Nicole.

Filing Instructions

2024-11-27T15:42:14Z

Egjieli:

Follow these procedures when filing newly mounted specimens, returned loans and specimens that have been removed from the cases for study.

 

'''Watch for''':           -[[Vascular Types|Type specimens]], and give them to Amy Weiss.

                            -Specimens stamped ‘Record’ that have been determined and the ‘record’ is not crossed out; give these to Nicole Tarnowsky.           

'''NOTE''': There are several blue folders of tour specimens in the cabinet marked “Pterocarpus rohrii”, in the legumes on the 3rd floor of the herbarium. They are not misfiled and should be left where they are.

 

== SORTING PROCEDURE ==

 

1.  Sort all material to family. Arrange families by family number.

 

2. Within each family, sort the genera alphabetically.

 

'''NOTE''': At this point check the [[Specimens to set aside for staff|list of taxa]] that should not be filed by you and direct them to the appropriate staff member or graduate student.

 

3.  Sort each genus by geographical region. Consult the [[colored herbarium maps]], a geographical dictionary and  Index Herbariorum Part II (Collectors) as needed. Small islands are filed with the closest geographical area. Specimens are filed in the herbarium in the following sequence:

                US  United States and Canada (includes Greenland)

                CA  Mexico and Central America (includes Baja California)

                WI  West Indies (includes The Bahamas and Bermuda)

                BR  Brazil (Only the following families should be filed with Brazil as a separate geographical region!)

                    47  Bromeliaceae

                    51   Juncaceae

                    56  Velloziaceae

                    64  Burmanniaceae

                    71  Chloranthaceae

                    90  Balanophoraceae

                    146  Chrysobalanaceae

                    148  Connaraceae

                    171.1  Krameriaceae

                    172  Dichapetalaceae

                    209  Caryocaraceae

                    224  Flacourtiaceae

                    245  Lecythidaceae

                    269  Sapotaceae

                SA  South America (includes Trinidad and Tobago)

                EUR  Europe (includes Iceland and part of the former USSR)

                AFR  Africa (includes Madagascar, Seychelles & Kerguelen Islands)

                NAS  Northern Asia (includes part of the former USSR)

                TAS  Tropical Asia (includes Hainan)

                AUS  Australia (includes New Zealand)

                PAC  Pacifica (includes Hawaii, New Caledonia, & Easter Island/Rapa Nui)

 

4.  Within each geographic region sort the specimens alphabetically by species name. Paratypes, type photographs and mounted species descriptions are filed in the general herbarium under the currently accepted name, not the basionym. If such a specimen is marked with the basionym only and there is no cross reference sheet in the herbarium consult Index Kewensis, IPNI, TROPICOS or ask Nicole.

 

5. Hybrids that have published names are put in a separate folder with that name (e.g., Ipomoea x grandifolia (Dammer) O'Donnell) and are filed in the sequence as if there was no ‘X’. If a genus has many hybrids without published epithets (e.g. Salix eriocephala Michx. x S. candida Fluegge ), they should be put in a folder marked “hybrids” at the end of the genus before the indets. If there are only a few specimens they may be filed under the first name to appear on the label.

 

6.  Genus indets. are filed at the end of the genus. Family indets. are filed at the end of the family.

 

7.  Separate fruits are filed in boxes after the indets., at the end of the family.

 

== FILING PROCEDURE ==

 

1.  Assemble all materials needed: herbarium cart, specimens, old genus covers, new species covers, paper, pencil, black marker. Willis' Dictionary of plant names and a geographical dictionary are also helpful.

 

2.  Take the cart to the cases; always remove the folder from the case and open it on the cart or on the top of a half -high case.

 

3.  If there are several folders of one species check to see if the species has been split into infraspecific taxa or by further geography. Put new specimens in the thinnest appropriate folder. Do not fill folders beyond a thickness of 1 1/2 inches. Overstuffed folders do not properly cover the specimens and may damage the specimens. Literature and photographs are filed on top in the first folder for that name, otherwise there is no arrangement to the specimens within a folder.

 

4.  Add new species covers as required. Write the name in pencil on the lower left hand corner. When a name looks like a new combination (e.g. Phlox gladiformis (Jones) E. Nelson) try to determine where the remainder of the specimens are and file all together with proper cross referencing.

 

5.  When a new genus cover is needed, prepare a temporary cover making certain that the whole of the alphabet is accounted for with regard to epithets (see #6). In black ink, write the family number and name, the genus name, the portion of the genus contained in the cover, and the geographical region on the appropriate part of the cover. Put your initials and the month and year on each temporary cover made. Make a new species cover as in #4, and insert specimens.  If you notice a temporary genus cover with an old date please add it to your list and add the current month and year to the temporary cover.

 

'''NOTE''': If you cannot find the genus cover into which a specimen should be filed BE SUSPICIOUS! Unless it is newly described or from an unusual place, specimens of the genus are probably filed elsewhere.

First check to be sure that the family is correct. If the family is correct, check again for a reference sheet indicating that the genus is synonymous with another. Also check in adjacent cubby holes to see if the genus cover was misfiled. Lastly, consult Index Kewensis, IPNI or TROPICOS for synonymy and also possible misspelling. If there is no synonym, make a new genus cover. If there is a synonym, request a cross reference sheet (1/2 sheet).

 

'''IMPORTANT''': For barcoded specimens, if you follow a cross reference and file a specimen under a name different than the label, PLEASE change the filed as name in EMu to match where it is actually filed.

 

6. Make a list of new genus covers needed as you prepare temporary covers. Please be certain that the list is legible and double spaced if typed, so that the typist can read it. Remember to use family names ending in -aceae (eg. Poaceae not Graminae). Arrange the list in the following manner:

 

                145  ROSACEAE

                                Rosa aa - cz                          U.S. & Canada

                                R. da - rugosa I                                    "

                                R. rugosa II                                           "

                                R. rugosa                                               "

                                R. ruh - zz, indet.                                  "

 

                173  EUPHORBIACEAE

                                Manihot chu - dz                         S. Amer.

 

'''NOTE''': Do not number with Roman numerals beyond the second cover. This way if the genus is divided into infraspecific taxa those names can be neatly written on the cover.  Also, do not request folders in this format: Rosa rugosa II--zz since this will limit amount of specimens that can be added; however, Rosas rugosa--zz is ok (Rosa rugosa II can go before Rosa rugosa--zz).

'''ALSO''': When requesting new folders for South American specimens, make it clear on your request list whether the folder should say “South America”, “South America except Brazil”, or “Brazil”, depending on whether or not those specimens have Brazil as a separate geopgraphical region.

 

=== INFRASPECIFIC DIVISION OF SPECIMENS ===

If a species has been divided into infraspecific taxa always leave some folders with just the species name (binomial) because some specimens will be identified only to species. For example, a folder in this format:

                                                Campsiandra lb – macrocarpa var. aa – az

 does not allow for a separate folder for specimens only identified to species. In this case, it should be broken up into two folders,

                                                Campsiandra lb – macrocarpa I

                                                Campsiandra macrocarpa  var. aa - az

 Some species have the infraspecific epithet  used at both the subspecific and varietal rank depending on who has annotated them.  In such a case interfile both subsp. and var. in alphabetical order.

 

7. When you are finished filing, give your genus cover request list and filing report to Nicole.

 

8.  When you are filing please correct any errors that you find, such as a misfiled folder. Give door cards that need to be retyped to Nicole. If you encounter a large problem make a note of the case and give it to Nicole. Additionally, alert Nicole to any case that is becoming too full to file new specimens in. Tell Nicole immediately about any evidence of insect infestation.

 

 

== RETURNED LOANS ==

1.  Sort material as for newly mounted specimens.

 

2.  Check that any separate fruits have annotations. If the separate fruits weren't annotated, try to match them by collector name and collection number to the corresponding herbarium sheet and duplicate the annotation.

 

3.  Put specimens needing repair on the table outside of the mounting room with a drop tag indicating the number of sheets and your name so that they will be returned to you for filing. If a loan looks as though it is damaged from poor handling, or appears to have been insect damaged while on loan, show it to Nicole.

 

4. After filing the material, match the herbarium drop tag to the information on the green drop tags. If the loan was completely returned remove the tag(s), sign your initials and the date and give the green and herbarium drop tags to Nicole.  If the loan was partially returned note that and the date on the tag and return it to the case. Sign your initials and date to one of the green drop tags and give them to Nicole.

File:Herbarium Folder Color Map.pdf

2024-11-27T15:30:26Z

Egjieli:

Sites Module

2024-09-26T20:39:10Z

Egjieli: /* Mapping Tab */

== Overview ==

The Sites module records the physical details about a site. A site is the location of a collection event. A site record contains location details such as jurisdiction, geographic and/or political locality, elevation, size and geo-spatial information used for mapping.

== Locality Tab ==

Enter all available geographic information from the specimen label into the appropriate fields. Continent, Country, and Province/State/Territory lookup lists are up-to-date and have been locked, meaning that the values in these fields cannot be added to or edited. If a value from a label is not displaying in the drop-down list of one of these fields, the information on the label is outdated, incorrect, or the information is being placed in the incorrect field. Please alternatively enter this data into the Precise Location field.

Please enter all available location information in the Precise Location field verbatim from the label. Do not translate this information if not provided in English. Do not add notes to this field. If there is no specific locality description to be placed in the Precise Location field, please leave the field empty rather than recording “[no precise location]" or similar phrasing.

Elevation (when provided) should be entered in the Elevation (Above Sea Level) field(s); if provided in a range, the lower elevation value should be placed in the “From:” field, and the higher elevation value in the “To:” field.

If location information is provided in Township, Range, and Section format (Public Land Survey System TRS), please enter this information in the “Locality Details (cont.)” section, ensuring that letters "T", "R", and "S" are included as the prefix before appropriate value/direction (i.e. T10S, R23E, S12). This information is important to capture and can be translated into Latitude Longitude coordinates using a coordinate conversion calculator.

[[File:Sites locality tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed Locality tab of a Sites record.]]

''Example of a filled-out Locality tab''

See also [[Geography Exceptions to the Rule]]

== Mapping Tab ==

Location information may be provided in UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) format, which consists of a zone number and hemisphere indicator (N or S), an easting coordinate (6 digits), and a northing coordinate (7 digits). UTM information should be recorded in the Mapping Tab, UTM field in this format: UTM: zone numeric value(N/S hemisphere), easting numeric value(E), northing numeric value(N), with spaces separating the values (i.e. “UTM: 12S 0520951E 4419038N”). Often, the hemisphere indicator is not provided; if not, please record the zone value as is without indicating hemisphere. Also, occasionally a letter alternate to hemisphere indicator (N/S) is provided at the end of the zone value, i.e. T; if this happens, please include that value with the zone (i.e. "UTM: 20T 0413898E 4980532N"). If datum is provided, include that information at the end of the text string after a comma (i.e. “UTM: 12S 508473E 4503556, NAD27”). Occasionally, the zone is not provided. When this happens, please record empty brackets ("[ ]") before the easting and northing values in the UTM field (i.e. “UTM: [ ] 0520951E 4419038N”). The easting and northing values should also be recorded in the Easting and Northing fields under the Mapping Co-ordinates section.

You may see UTM values recorded in alternate formats, such as “UTM - 508473 m.E by 4503556 m.N (Zone 12S, NAD 27”). In instances like this, you should omit the unit "m.," delete the space between value/direction for each coordinate value, and retain the datum information (NAD27) separated by a comma after the string (i.e. “UTM: 12S 508473E 4503556, NAD27”). Primary contact for questions or concerns: Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

[[File:Sites_Mapping_Tab.JPG|left|Example of how to record UTM coordinates in the Mapping tab.]]

''Recording UTM values in the Mapping tab.''

== Lat/Long Tab ==

==== Latitude Longitude Coordinates provided on label ====

If latitude and longitude coordinates are provided in decimal degrees (-22.00, -42.05) or degrees minutes seconds (22° 00' 29" S, 42° 03' 35" W), input the values in Latitude/Longitude Details field in the appropriate section, Latitude/Longitude (Dec.) or Latitude/Longitude (DMS), respectively. EMu automatically converts coordinate values between the two formats, so either format is acceptable.

[[File:Sites latlong tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed sites record when coordinates are provided on a specimen label.]]

''How to record geo-coordinates provided on a specimen label in the Lat/Long table.''

=== Coordinates determined by georeferencing locality ===

For the following fields used for metadata capture, please do your best to use one of the terms provided in the drop-down list. If you are unsure what to record, or if you need information on best practices, please contact Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

'''Determination Source:''' Source of the coordinates, or tools used by the georeferencer to locate the collection site. This includes Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, MaNIS Georeferencing Calculator, paper maps, gazetteers, etc.

'''Determination Method:''' Protocols to determine coordinates. List the georeferencing protocols followed; this is normally a reference guide (Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide, Biogeomancer Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing, etc.) or an online coordinate conversion tool if coordinates were provided on the label in a format other than decimal degrees or degrees minutes seconds.

'''Determined By:''' georeferencer's name (Parties record)

'''Determination Date:''' date (short-cut for today's date: CTRL ; )

'''Radius (Numeric):''' Uncertainty radius, in meters.

'''Units:''' m

'''Datum:''' WGS84 (datum used by Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, Bing Maps, OpenStreetMap, etc.)

'''Notes:''' Please enter concise notes on the methods and steps taken to locate coordinates and/or radial for the locality. There is a georeferencing notes template document which provides sample of georeferencing notes to be used per each locality type.

[[File:Sites georeferencing fields.jpg|left|Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record.]]

''Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record''

If unable to georeference (unable to pinpoint the locality or specimen is cultivated), this must be documented. Please include the georeferencer’s name, date, determination method (if applicable), and in the Notes field include reasoning as to why the location cannot be determined.

[[File:ScreenShot sites1.png|left|633x563px|ScreenShot sites1.png]]

For more information on georeferencing [[How to georeference collection localities]]

== Notes Tab ==

This tab is to be used sparingly. Please ensure that the information entered into this field is pertinent to the Collection Event/Catalogue record(s) associated with that specific Sites record. Please also note that this field is not for the capture of georeferencing remarks, which are to be entered in the Lat/Long tab, Notes field.

== GEOLocate Tab ==

Coming soon!

Sites Module

2024-09-26T20:17:19Z

Egjieli: /* Mapping Tab */

== Overview ==

The Sites module records the physical details about a site. A site is the location of a collection event. A site record contains location details such as jurisdiction, geographic and/or political locality, elevation, size and geo-spatial information used for mapping.

== Locality Tab ==

Enter all available geographic information from the specimen label into the appropriate fields. Continent, Country, and Province/State/Territory lookup lists are up-to-date and have been locked, meaning that the values in these fields cannot be added to or edited. If a value from a label is not displaying in the drop-down list of one of these fields, the information on the label is outdated, incorrect, or the information is being placed in the incorrect field. Please alternatively enter this data into the Precise Location field.

Please enter all available location information in the Precise Location field verbatim from the label. Do not translate this information if not provided in English. Do not add notes to this field. If there is no specific locality description to be placed in the Precise Location field, please leave the field empty rather than recording “[no precise location]" or similar phrasing.

Elevation (when provided) should be entered in the Elevation (Above Sea Level) field(s); if provided in a range, the lower elevation value should be placed in the “From:” field, and the higher elevation value in the “To:” field.

If location information is provided in Township, Range, and Section format (Public Land Survey System TRS), please enter this information in the “Locality Details (cont.)” section, ensuring that letters "T", "R", and "S" are included as the prefix before appropriate value/direction (i.e. T10S, R23E, S12). This information is important to capture and can be translated into Latitude Longitude coordinates using a coordinate conversion calculator.

[[File:Sites locality tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed Locality tab of a Sites record.]]

''Example of a filled-out Locality tab''

See also [[Geography Exceptions to the Rule]]

== Mapping Tab ==

Location information may also be provided in UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) format, which consists of a zone, an easting value, and a northing value. UTM information should be recorded in the Mapping Tab, UTM field in this format: "UTM: zone numeric value(N/S) easting numeric value(E) northing numeric value(N)," with spaces separating the values (i.e. “UTM: 12S 0520951E 4419038N”). Zone should include N or S, for north or south, respectively, depending on the hemisphere. If datum is provided, include at the end of the text string after a comma (i.e. “UTM: 12S 508473E 4503556, NAD 27”). Occasionally, the zone is not provided. When this happens, please record empty brackets ("[ ]") before the easting and northing values in the UTM field (i.e. “UTM: [ ] 0520951E 4419038N”). The easting and northing values should also be recorded in the Easting and Northing fields under the Mapping Co-ordinates section.

You may see UTM values recorded in alternate formats, such as “UTM - 508473 m.E by 4503556 m.N (Zone 12S, NAD 27”). In instances like this, you should omit the unit "m.," delete the space between value/direction for each coordinate value, and retain the datum information (NAD27) separated by a comma after the string (i.e. “UTM: 12S 508473E 4503556, NAD 27”). Primary contact for questions or concerns: Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

[[File:Sites_Mapping_Tab.JPG|left|Example of how to record UTM coordinates in the Mapping tab.]]

''Recording UTM values in the Mapping tab.''

== Lat/Long Tab ==

==== Latitude Longitude Coordinates provided on label ====

If latitude and longitude coordinates are provided in decimal degrees (-22.00, -42.05) or degrees minutes seconds (22° 00' 29" S, 42° 03' 35" W), input the values in Latitude/Longitude Details field in the appropriate section, Latitude/Longitude (Dec.) or Latitude/Longitude (DMS), respectively. EMu automatically converts coordinate values between the two formats, so either format is acceptable.

[[File:Sites latlong tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed sites record when coordinates are provided on a specimen label.]]

''How to record geo-coordinates provided on a specimen label in the Lat/Long table.''

=== Coordinates determined by georeferencing locality ===

For the following fields used for metadata capture, please do your best to use one of the terms provided in the drop-down list. If you are unsure what to record, or if you need information on best practices, please contact Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

'''Determination Source:''' Source of the coordinates, or tools used by the georeferencer to locate the collection site. This includes Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, MaNIS Georeferencing Calculator, paper maps, gazetteers, etc.

'''Determination Method:''' Protocols to determine coordinates. List the georeferencing protocols followed; this is normally a reference guide (Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide, Biogeomancer Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing, etc.) or an online coordinate conversion tool if coordinates were provided on the label in a format other than decimal degrees or degrees minutes seconds.

'''Determined By:''' georeferencer's name (Parties record)

'''Determination Date:''' date (short-cut for today's date: CTRL ; )

'''Radius (Numeric):''' Uncertainty radius, in meters.

'''Units:''' m

'''Datum:''' WGS84 (datum used by Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, Bing Maps, OpenStreetMap, etc.)

'''Notes:''' Please enter concise notes on the methods and steps taken to locate coordinates and/or radial for the locality. There is a georeferencing notes template document which provides sample of georeferencing notes to be used per each locality type.

[[File:Sites georeferencing fields.jpg|left|Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record.]]

''Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record''

If unable to georeference (unable to pinpoint the locality or specimen is cultivated), this must be documented. Please include the georeferencer’s name, date, determination method (if applicable), and in the Notes field include reasoning as to why the location cannot be determined.

[[File:ScreenShot sites1.png|left|633x563px|ScreenShot sites1.png]]

For more information on georeferencing [[How to georeference collection localities]]

== Notes Tab ==

This tab is to be used sparingly. Please ensure that the information entered into this field is pertinent to the Collection Event/Catalogue record(s) associated with that specific Sites record. Please also note that this field is not for the capture of georeferencing remarks, which are to be entered in the Lat/Long tab, Notes field.

== GEOLocate Tab ==

Coming soon!

File:Sites Mapping Tab.JPG

2024-09-26T20:16:41Z

Egjieli:

Sites Module

2024-08-22T14:27:43Z

Egjieli: /* Mapping Tab */

== Overview ==

The Sites module records the physical details about a site. A site is the location of a collection event. A site record contains location details such as jurisdiction, geographic and/or political locality, elevation, size and geo-spatial information used for mapping.

== Locality Tab ==

Enter all available geographic information from the specimen label into the appropriate fields. Continent, Country, and Province/State/Territory lookup lists are up-to-date and have been locked, meaning that the values in these fields cannot be added to or edited. If a value from a label is not displaying in the drop-down list of one of these fields, the information on the label is outdated, incorrect, or the information is being placed in the incorrect field. Please alternatively enter this data into the Precise Location field.

Please enter all available location information in the Precise Location field verbatim from the label. Do not translate this information if not provided in English. Do not add notes to this field. If there is no specific locality description to be placed in the Precise Location field, please leave the field empty rather than recording “[no precise location]" or similar phrasing.

Elevation (when provided) should be entered in the Elevation (Above Sea Level) field(s); if provided in a range, the lower elevation value should be placed in the “From:” field, and the higher elevation value in the “To:” field.

If location information is provided in Township, Range, and Section format (Public Land Survey System TRS), please enter this information in the “Locality Details (cont.)” section, ensuring that letters "T", "R", and "S" are included as the prefix before appropriate value/direction (i.e. T10S, R23E, S12). This information is important to capture and can be translated into Latitude Longitude coordinates using a coordinate conversion calculator.

[[File:Sites locality tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed Locality tab of a Sites record.]]

''Example of a filled-out Locality tab''

See also [[Geography Exceptions to the Rule]]

== Mapping Tab ==

Location information may also be provided in UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) format, which consists of a zone, an easting value, and a northing value. UTM information should be recorded in the Mapping Tab, UTM field in this format: "UTM: zone numeric value(N/S) easting numeric value(E) northing numeric value(N)," with spaces separating the values (i.e. “UTM: 12S 0520951E 4419038N”). Zone should include N or S, for north or south, respectively, depending on the hemisphere. If datum is provided, include at the end of the text string after a comma (i.e. “UTM: 12S 508473E 4503556, NAD 27”). Occasionally, the zone is not provided. When this happens, please record empty brackets ("[ ]") before the easting and northing values in the UTM field (i.e. “UTM: [ ] 0520951E 4419038N”). The easting and northing values should also be recorded in the Easting and Northing fields under the Mapping Co-ordinates section.

You may see UTM values recorded in alternate formats, such as “UTM - 508473 m.E by 4503556 m.N (Zone 12S, NAD 27”). In instances like this, you should omit the unit "m.," delete the space between value/direction for each coordinate value, and retain the datum information (NAD27) separated by a comma after the string (i.e. “UTM: 12S 508473E 4503556, NAD 27”). Primary contact for questions or concerns: Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

[[File:Sites mapping tab.jpg|left|Example of how to record UTM coordinates in the Mapping tab.]]

''Recording UTM values in the Mapping tab.''

== Lat/Long Tab ==

==== Latitude Longitude Coordinates provided on label ====

If latitude and longitude coordinates are provided in decimal degrees (-22.00, -42.05) or degrees minutes seconds (22° 00' 29" S, 42° 03' 35" W), input the values in Latitude/Longitude Details field in the appropriate section, Latitude/Longitude (Dec.) or Latitude/Longitude (DMS), respectively. EMu automatically converts coordinate values between the two formats, so either format is acceptable.

[[File:Sites latlong tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed sites record when coordinates are provided on a specimen label.]]

''How to record geo-coordinates provided on a specimen label in the Lat/Long table.''

=== Coordinates determined by georeferencing locality ===

For the following fields used for metadata capture, please do your best to use one of the terms provided in the drop-down list. If you are unsure what to record, or if you need information on best practices, please contact Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

'''Determination Source:''' Source of the coordinates, or tools used by the georeferencer to locate the collection site. This includes Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, MaNIS Georeferencing Calculator, paper maps, gazetteers, etc.

'''Determination Method:''' Protocols to determine coordinates. List the georeferencing protocols followed; this is normally a reference guide (Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide, Biogeomancer Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing, etc.) or an online coordinate conversion tool if coordinates were provided on the label in a format other than decimal degrees or degrees minutes seconds.

'''Determined By:''' georeferencer's name (Parties record)

'''Determination Date:''' date (short-cut for today's date: CTRL ; )

'''Radius (Numeric):''' Uncertainty radius, in meters.

'''Units:''' m

'''Datum:''' WGS84 (datum used by Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, Bing Maps, OpenStreetMap, etc.)

'''Notes:''' Please enter concise notes on the methods and steps taken to locate coordinates and/or radial for the locality. There is a georeferencing notes template document which provides sample of georeferencing notes to be used per each locality type.

[[File:Sites georeferencing fields.jpg|left|Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record.]]

''Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record''

If unable to georeference (unable to pinpoint the locality or specimen is cultivated), this must be documented. Please include the georeferencer’s name, date, determination method (if applicable), and in the Notes field include reasoning as to why the location cannot be determined.

[[File:ScreenShot sites1.png|left|633x563px|ScreenShot sites1.png]]

For more information on georeferencing [[How to georeference collection localities]]

== Notes Tab ==

This tab is to be used sparingly. Please ensure that the information entered into this field is pertinent to the Collection Event/Catalogue record(s) associated with that specific Sites record. Please also note that this field is not for the capture of georeferencing remarks, which are to be entered in the Lat/Long tab, Notes field.

== GEOLocate Tab ==

Coming soon!

Sites Module

2024-08-01T20:40:56Z

Egjieli: /* Mapping Tab */

== Overview ==

The Sites module records the physical details about a site. A site is the location of a collection event. A site record contains location details such as jurisdiction, geographic and/or political locality, elevation, size and geo-spatial information used for mapping.

== Locality Tab ==

Enter all available geographic information from the specimen label into the appropriate fields. Continent, Country, and Province/State/Territory lookup lists are up-to-date and have been locked, meaning that the values in these fields cannot be added to or edited. If a value from a label is not displaying in the drop-down list of one of these fields, the information on the label is outdated, incorrect, or the information is being placed in the incorrect field. Please alternatively enter this data into the Precise Location field.

Please enter all available location information in the Precise Location field verbatim from the label. Do not translate this information if not provided in English. Do not add notes to this field. If there is no specific locality description to be placed in the Precise Location field, please leave the field empty rather than recording “[no precise location]" or similar phrasing.

Elevation (when provided) should be entered in the Elevation (Above Sea Level) field(s); if provided in a range, the lower elevation value should be placed in the “From:” field, and the higher elevation value in the “To:” field.

If location information is provided in Township, Range, and Section format (Public Land Survey System TRS), please enter this information in the “Locality Details (cont.)” section, ensuring that letters "T", "R", and "S" are included as the prefix before appropriate value/direction (i.e. T10S, R23E, S12). This information is important to capture and can be translated into Latitude Longitude coordinates using a coordinate conversion calculator.

[[File:Sites locality tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed Locality tab of a Sites record.]]

''Example of a filled-out Locality tab''

See also [[Geography Exceptions to the Rule]]

== Mapping Tab ==

Location information may also be provided in UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) format, which consists of a zone, an easting value, and a northing value. UTM information should be recorded in the Mapping Tab, UTM field in this format: "UTM: zone numeric value(N/S) easting numeric value(E) northing numeric value(N)," with commas separating the values (i.e. “UTM: 12S, 0520951E, 4419038N”). Zone should include N or S, for north or south, respectively, depending on the hemisphere. If datum is provided, include at the end of the text string after a comma (i.e. “UTM: 12S, 508473E, 4503556, NAD 27”). Occasionally, the zone is not provided. When this happens, please record empty brackets ("[ ]") before the easting and northing value string in the UTM field (i.e. “UTM: [ ], 0520951E, 4419038N”). The easting and northing values should also be recorded in the Easting and Northing fields under the Mapping Co-ordinates section.

You may see UTM values recorded in alternate formats, such as “UTM - 508473 m.E by 4503556 m.N (Zone 12S, NAD 27”). In instances like this, you should omit the unit "m.," delete the space between value/direction for each coordinate value, and retain the datum information (NAD27) separated by a comma after the string (i.e. “UTM: 12S, 508473E, 4503556, NAD 27”). Primary contact for questions or concerns: Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

[[File:Sites mapping tab.jpg|left|Example of how to record UTM coordinates in the Mapping tab.]]

''Recording UTM values in the Mapping tab.''

== Lat/Long Tab ==

==== Latitude Longitude Coordinates provided on label ====

If latitude and longitude coordinates are provided in decimal degrees (-22.00, -42.05) or degrees minutes seconds (22° 00' 29" S, 42° 03' 35" W), input the values in Latitude/Longitude Details field in the appropriate section, Latitude/Longitude (Dec.) or Latitude/Longitude (DMS), respectively. EMu automatically converts coordinate values between the two formats, so either format is acceptable.

[[File:Sites latlong tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed sites record when coordinates are provided on a specimen label.]]

''How to record geo-coordinates provided on a specimen label in the Lat/Long table.''

=== Coordinates determined by georeferencing locality ===

For the following fields used for metadata capture, please do your best to use one of the terms provided in the drop-down list. If you are unsure what to record, or if you need information on best practices, please contact Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

'''Determination Source:''' Source of the coordinates, or tools used by the georeferencer to locate the collection site. This includes Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, MaNIS Georeferencing Calculator, paper maps, gazetteers, etc.

'''Determination Method:''' Protocols to determine coordinates. List the georeferencing protocols followed; this is normally a reference guide (Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide, Biogeomancer Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing, etc.) or an online coordinate conversion tool if coordinates were provided on the label in a format other than decimal degrees or degrees minutes seconds.

'''Determined By:''' georeferencer's name (Parties record)

'''Determination Date:''' date (short-cut for today's date: CTRL ; )

'''Radius (Numeric):''' Uncertainty radius, in meters.

'''Units:''' m

'''Datum:''' WGS84 (datum used by Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, Bing Maps, OpenStreetMap, etc.)

'''Notes:''' Please enter concise notes on the methods and steps taken to locate coordinates and/or radial for the locality. There is a georeferencing notes template document which provides sample of georeferencing notes to be used per each locality type.

[[File:Sites georeferencing fields.jpg|left|Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record.]]

''Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record''

If unable to georeference (unable to pinpoint the locality or specimen is cultivated), this must be documented. Please include the georeferencer’s name, date, determination method (if applicable), and in the Notes field include reasoning as to why the location cannot be determined.

[[File:ScreenShot sites1.png|left|633x563px|ScreenShot sites1.png]]

For more information on georeferencing [[How to georeference collection localities]]

== Notes Tab ==

This tab is to be used sparingly. Please ensure that the information entered into this field is pertinent to the Collection Event/Catalogue record(s) associated with that specific Sites record. Please also note that this field is not for the capture of georeferencing remarks, which are to be entered in the Lat/Long tab, Notes field.

== GEOLocate Tab ==

Coming soon!

Sites Module

2024-08-01T20:40:02Z

Egjieli: /* Mapping Tab */

== Overview ==

The Sites module records the physical details about a site. A site is the location of a collection event. A site record contains location details such as jurisdiction, geographic and/or political locality, elevation, size and geo-spatial information used for mapping.

== Locality Tab ==

Enter all available geographic information from the specimen label into the appropriate fields. Continent, Country, and Province/State/Territory lookup lists are up-to-date and have been locked, meaning that the values in these fields cannot be added to or edited. If a value from a label is not displaying in the drop-down list of one of these fields, the information on the label is outdated, incorrect, or the information is being placed in the incorrect field. Please alternatively enter this data into the Precise Location field.

Please enter all available location information in the Precise Location field verbatim from the label. Do not translate this information if not provided in English. Do not add notes to this field. If there is no specific locality description to be placed in the Precise Location field, please leave the field empty rather than recording “[no precise location]" or similar phrasing.

Elevation (when provided) should be entered in the Elevation (Above Sea Level) field(s); if provided in a range, the lower elevation value should be placed in the “From:” field, and the higher elevation value in the “To:” field.

If location information is provided in Township, Range, and Section format (Public Land Survey System TRS), please enter this information in the “Locality Details (cont.)” section, ensuring that letters "T", "R", and "S" are included as the prefix before appropriate value/direction (i.e. T10S, R23E, S12). This information is important to capture and can be translated into Latitude Longitude coordinates using a coordinate conversion calculator.

[[File:Sites locality tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed Locality tab of a Sites record.]]

''Example of a filled-out Locality tab''

See also [[Geography Exceptions to the Rule]]

== Mapping Tab ==

Location information may also be provided in UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) format, which consists of a zone, an easting value, and a northing value. UTM information should be recorded in the Mapping Tab, UTM field in this format: "UTM: zone numeric value(N/S) easting numeric value(E) northing numeric value(N)," with commas separating the values (i.e. “UTM: 12S, 0520951E, 4419038N”). Zone should include N or S, for north or south, respectively, depending on the hemisphere. If datum is provided, include at the end of the text string after a comma (i.e. “UTM: 12S, 508473E, 4503556, NAD 27”). Occasionally, the zone is not provided. When this happens, please record empty brackets ("[ ]") before the easting and northing value string in the UTM field (i.e. “UTM: [ ], 0520951E, 4419038N”). The easting and northing values should also be recorded in the Easting and Northing fields under the Mapping Co-ordinates section.

You may see UTM values recorded in alternate formats, such as “UTM - 508473 m.E by 4503556 m.N (Zone 12S, NAD 27”). In instances like this, you should omit the unit "m.," delete the space between value/direction for each coordinate value, and retain the datum information (NAD27) separated by a comma after the string (i.e. “UTM: 12S, 508473E, 4503556, NAD 27”). Primary contact for questions or concerns: Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

[[File:Sites mapping tab.jpg|left|Example of how to record UTM coordinates in the Mapping tab.]]

''Recording UTM values in the Mapping tab.''

== Lat/Long Tab ==

==== Latitude Longitude Coordinates provided on label ====

If latitude and longitude coordinates are provided in decimal degrees (-22.00, -42.05) or degrees minutes seconds (22° 00' 29" S, 42° 03' 35" W), input the values in Latitude/Longitude Details field in the appropriate section, Latitude/Longitude (Dec.) or Latitude/Longitude (DMS), respectively. EMu automatically converts coordinate values between the two formats, so either format is acceptable.

[[File:Sites latlong tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed sites record when coordinates are provided on a specimen label.]]

''How to record geo-coordinates provided on a specimen label in the Lat/Long table.''

=== Coordinates determined by georeferencing locality ===

For the following fields used for metadata capture, please do your best to use one of the terms provided in the drop-down list. If you are unsure what to record, or if you need information on best practices, please contact Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

'''Determination Source:''' Source of the coordinates, or tools used by the georeferencer to locate the collection site. This includes Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, MaNIS Georeferencing Calculator, paper maps, gazetteers, etc.

'''Determination Method:''' Protocols to determine coordinates. List the georeferencing protocols followed; this is normally a reference guide (Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide, Biogeomancer Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing, etc.) or an online coordinate conversion tool if coordinates were provided on the label in a format other than decimal degrees or degrees minutes seconds.

'''Determined By:''' georeferencer's name (Parties record)

'''Determination Date:''' date (short-cut for today's date: CTRL ; )

'''Radius (Numeric):''' Uncertainty radius, in meters.

'''Units:''' m

'''Datum:''' WGS84 (datum used by Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, Bing Maps, OpenStreetMap, etc.)

'''Notes:''' Please enter concise notes on the methods and steps taken to locate coordinates and/or radial for the locality. There is a georeferencing notes template document which provides sample of georeferencing notes to be used per each locality type.

[[File:Sites georeferencing fields.jpg|left|Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record.]]

''Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record''

If unable to georeference (unable to pinpoint the locality or specimen is cultivated), this must be documented. Please include the georeferencer’s name, date, determination method (if applicable), and in the Notes field include reasoning as to why the location cannot be determined.

[[File:ScreenShot sites1.png|left|633x563px|ScreenShot sites1.png]]

For more information on georeferencing [[How to georeference collection localities]]

== Notes Tab ==

This tab is to be used sparingly. Please ensure that the information entered into this field is pertinent to the Collection Event/Catalogue record(s) associated with that specific Sites record. Please also note that this field is not for the capture of georeferencing remarks, which are to be entered in the Lat/Long tab, Notes field.

== GEOLocate Tab ==

Coming soon!

File:Sites mapping tab.jpg

2024-08-01T20:39:38Z

Egjieli: Egjieli uploaded a new version of File:Sites mapping tab.jpg

Sites Module

2024-08-01T20:38:41Z

Egjieli:

== Overview ==

The Sites module records the physical details about a site. A site is the location of a collection event. A site record contains location details such as jurisdiction, geographic and/or political locality, elevation, size and geo-spatial information used for mapping.

== Locality Tab ==

Enter all available geographic information from the specimen label into the appropriate fields. Continent, Country, and Province/State/Territory lookup lists are up-to-date and have been locked, meaning that the values in these fields cannot be added to or edited. If a value from a label is not displaying in the drop-down list of one of these fields, the information on the label is outdated, incorrect, or the information is being placed in the incorrect field. Please alternatively enter this data into the Precise Location field.

Please enter all available location information in the Precise Location field verbatim from the label. Do not translate this information if not provided in English. Do not add notes to this field. If there is no specific locality description to be placed in the Precise Location field, please leave the field empty rather than recording “[no precise location]" or similar phrasing.

Elevation (when provided) should be entered in the Elevation (Above Sea Level) field(s); if provided in a range, the lower elevation value should be placed in the “From:” field, and the higher elevation value in the “To:” field.

If location information is provided in Township, Range, and Section format (Public Land Survey System TRS), please enter this information in the “Locality Details (cont.)” section, ensuring that letters "T", "R", and "S" are included as the prefix before appropriate value/direction (i.e. T10S, R23E, S12). This information is important to capture and can be translated into Latitude Longitude coordinates using a coordinate conversion calculator.

[[File:Sites locality tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed Locality tab of a Sites record.]]

''Example of a filled-out Locality tab''

See also [[Geography Exceptions to the Rule]]

== Mapping Tab ==

Location information may also be provided in UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) format, which consists of a zone, an easting value, and a northing value. UTM information should be recorded in the Mapping Tab, UTM field in this format: "UTM: zone numeric value(N/S) easting numeric value(E) northing numeric value(N)," with commas separating the values (i.e. “UTM: 12S, 0520951E, 4419038N”). Zone should include N or S, for north or south, respectively, depending on the hemisphere. If datum is provided, include at the end of the text string after a comma (i.e. “UTM: 12S, 508473E, 4503556, NAD 27”). Occasionally, the zone is not provided. When this happens, please record empty brackets ("[ ]") before the easting and northing value string in the UTM field (i.e. “UTM: [ ], 0520951E, 4419038N”). The easting and northing values should also be recorded in the Easting and Northing fields under the Mapping Co-ordinates section.

You may see UTM values recorded in alternate formats, such as “UTM - 508473 m.E by 4503556 m.N (Zone 12S, NAD 27”). In instances like this, you should omit the unit "m.," delete the space between value/direction for each coordinate value, and retain the datum information (NAD27) separated by a comma after the string (i.e. “UTM: 12S, 508473E, 4503556, NAD 27”). Primary contact for questions or concerns: Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

[[File:Sites mapping tab.jpg|left|Example of how to record UTM coordinates in the Mapping tab.]]

''Recording UTM values in the Mapping tab.''

== Lat/Long Tab ==

==== Latitude Longitude Coordinates provided on label ====

If latitude and longitude coordinates are provided in decimal degrees (-22.00, -42.05) or degrees minutes seconds (22° 00' 29" S, 42° 03' 35" W), input the values in Latitude/Longitude Details field in the appropriate section, Latitude/Longitude (Dec.) or Latitude/Longitude (DMS), respectively. EMu automatically converts coordinate values between the two formats, so either format is acceptable.

[[File:Sites latlong tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed sites record when coordinates are provided on a specimen label.]]

''How to record geo-coordinates provided on a specimen label in the Lat/Long table.''

=== Coordinates determined by georeferencing locality ===

For the following fields used for metadata capture, please do your best to use one of the terms provided in the drop-down list. If you are unsure what to record, or if you need information on best practices, please contact Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

'''Determination Source:''' Source of the coordinates, or tools used by the georeferencer to locate the collection site. This includes Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, MaNIS Georeferencing Calculator, paper maps, gazetteers, etc.

'''Determination Method:''' Protocols to determine coordinates. List the georeferencing protocols followed; this is normally a reference guide (Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide, Biogeomancer Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing, etc.) or an online coordinate conversion tool if coordinates were provided on the label in a format other than decimal degrees or degrees minutes seconds.

'''Determined By:''' georeferencer's name (Parties record)

'''Determination Date:''' date (short-cut for today's date: CTRL ; )

'''Radius (Numeric):''' Uncertainty radius, in meters.

'''Units:''' m

'''Datum:''' WGS84 (datum used by Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, Bing Maps, OpenStreetMap, etc.)

'''Notes:''' Please enter concise notes on the methods and steps taken to locate coordinates and/or radial for the locality. There is a georeferencing notes template document which provides sample of georeferencing notes to be used per each locality type.

[[File:Sites georeferencing fields.jpg|left|Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record.]]

''Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record''

If unable to georeference (unable to pinpoint the locality or specimen is cultivated), this must be documented. Please include the georeferencer’s name, date, determination method (if applicable), and in the Notes field include reasoning as to why the location cannot be determined.

[[File:ScreenShot sites1.png|left|633x563px|ScreenShot sites1.png]]

For more information on georeferencing [[How to georeference collection localities]]

== Notes Tab ==

This tab is to be used sparingly. Please ensure that the information entered into this field is pertinent to the Collection Event/Catalogue record(s) associated with that specific Sites record. Please also note that this field is not for the capture of georeferencing remarks, which are to be entered in the Lat/Long tab, Notes field.

== GEOLocate Tab ==

Coming soon!

Geography Exceptions to the Rule

2024-04-18T17:29:23Z

Egjieli:

==Geography Exceptions to the Rule==

Please reference this page for odd or out-dated geographical terms and/or categorizations that you may encounter in the collection.

=== Mismatched Geography Hierarchy in EMu ===

'''Azores''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Bermuda''': country in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: North America (sometimes miscategorized in West Indies)

'''Islas Canarias (Canary Islands)''': autonomous archipelago of Spain situated in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Spain

'''Easter Island (Rapa Nui, Isla de Pascua)''': island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not South America), Country: Chile, State/Province: Valparaíso

'''Hawaii''': state of the United States of America situated in the Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not North America), Country: United States of America

'''Madeira''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Navassa Island''': uninhabited island in the Caribbean, classified as a United States Minor Outlying Islands (the rest of which are in Oceania). Continent: West Indies

'''Trinidad and Tobago''': the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Continent: South America (not West Indies)

=== Important Hierarchical Variations to Note ===

'''United Kingdom''': In EMu, the primary administrative subdivision (province/state-level) consists of the four countries of the U.K.: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The secondary administrative subdivision (county-level) reflects the Administrative County, Metropolitan District, Unitary Authority (England); District (Northern Ireland); Council Area (Scotland); and Unitary Authority (Wales).

'''Brazil''': The secondary administrative subdivision (county-level) consists of the municipalities of Brazil, rather than the "Microregions" as cited by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ybr.html), as these units "...have no administrative function; they were defined by the federal government for purposes of convenience" (Law, 2007).

'''Puerto Rico''': As a commonwealth associated with the United States, there are no primary administrative subdivisions as defined by the U.S. government. The secondary administrative subdivisions are the municipios (https://welcome.topuertorico.org/government.shtml#:~:text=Administrative%20Divisions%20None%20%28Commonwealth%20associated%20with%20the%20U.S.%29%3B,The%20mayor%20appoints%20a%20secretary-auditor%20and%20a%20treasurer). In EMu, we cite the secondary administrative subdivisions (municipios) as the primary (state/province level), and we cite the tertiary administrative subdivision (barrios) as the secondary administrative subdivisions (county-level), as “the barrios of Puerto Rico are the primary legal divisions of the seventy-eight municipalities of Puerto Rico” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico).

'''Belgium''': The technical primary administrative subdivisions of Belgium are the regions (3): Flanders (Dutch-speaking region), Wallonia (French-speaking region), and Brussels (bilingual Dutch and French), which are then subdivided into provinces. In EMu, we cite the secondary administrative subdivision (provinces) as the primary. Arrondissements are the next sequential administrative level between province and municipality (cited by Statoids as the secondary administrative subdivision, http://www.statoids.com/ybe.html); alternatively, in EMu we cite the municipalities as the second administrative subdivision, disregarding the arrondissements.

=== Non-exhaustive list of historical country names in relation to present-day names ===

'''Abyssinia''' : Ethiopia

'''Annam''' : Vietnam (colonial French term)

'''Bangal''' : region consisting of parts of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal

'''Bohemia''' : Czech Republic

'''British Honduras''' : Belize

'''British Guiana''' : Guyana

'''British North Borneo''' : Malaysia

'''Burma''' : Myanmar

'''Cambodge''' : Cambodia

'''Ceylon''' : Sri Lanka

'''Formosa''' : Taiwan

'''French Indochina''' : region consisting of Cambodia, Laos, and parts of China and Vietnam

'''Hispanola''' : second largest Caribbean Island divided politically into Haiti (west) and the Dominican Republic (east)

'''Kaiser-Wilhelmsland''': portion of Papua New Guinea

'''Macedonia''' : North Macedonia

'''Moravia''' : Czech Republic

'''New Granada''' : region consisting of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela

'''New Hebrides''' : Vanuatu

'''New Holland''' : Australia

'''Northern Rhodesia''' : Zambia

'''Persia''' : Iran

'''Siam''' : Thailand

'''Southern Rhodesia''' : Zimbabwe

'''Tonkin/Tongkin/Tongquin''': exonym referring to northern region of Vietnam

'''Yugoslavia''' : region consisting of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia

'''Zaire''' : Democratic Republic of the Congo

Please email egjieli@nybg.org if you come across other terms that should be added to this list.

Standardized administrative subdivisions

2024-04-03T14:53:06Z

Egjieli:

==Standardized Administrative Subdivisions==

The primary (state/province-level) and secondary (county-level) administrative subdivisions of the countries listed below have been standardized in EMu. This list also includes the county-level suffix term, when applicable.

===North America===

*Bermuda: no county-level list

*'''Mexico''': Mun. following name

*Saint-Pierre et Miquelon: no county-level list

*'''United States''': Co. following term, exceptions:
Alaska: name only, no suffix
Louisiana: “Parish” following name
Virginia: includes independent cities in addition to counties, noted as “(Independent City)” following city name
Nevada: includes one independent city (Carson City) in addition to counties, noted as “(Independent City)” following city name

===Central America===

*'''Belize''': Mun., Town, City following name

*'''Costa Rica''': (Canton) following name

*'''El Salvador''': Mun. following name

*'''Guatemala''': Mun. following name

*'''Honduras''': Mun. following name

*'''Nicaragua''': Mun. following name

*'''Panama''': (Distr.) following name

===West Indies===

*Anguilla: no county-level list

*Antigua and Barbuda: no county-level list

*Aruba: no county-level list

*Bahamas: no county-level list

*Barbados: no county-level list

*Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba: no county-level list

*Cayman Islands: no county-level list

*'''Cuba''': Mun. following name

*Curaçao: no county-level list

*Dominica: no county-level list

*'''Dominican Republic''': Mun following name

*Grenada: no county-level list

*'''Guadeloupe''': Comm. following name

*'''Haiti''': Arrondissement following name

*Jamaica: no county-level list

*Martinique: no county-level list

*Montserrat: no county-level list

*'''Puerto Rico''': Barrio following name

*Saint Barthélemy: no county-level list

*Saint Kitts and Nevis: no county-level list

*Saint Lucia: no county-level list

*Sint Maarten: no county-level list

*Saint Martin: no county-level list

*Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: no county-level list

*Turks and Caicos Islands: no county-level list

*Virgin Islands (U.K.): no county-level list

*'''Virgin Islands (U.S.)''': Subdistrict following name

===South America===

*'''Argentina''': (Dept.) following name

*'''Bolivia''': Prov. following name

*'''Brazil''': Mun. following name

*'''Chile''': Prov. following name

*'''Colombia''': Mun. following name

*'''Ecuador''': Canton following name

*Falkland Islands: no county-level list

*'''French Guiana''': Comm. following name

*'''Guyana''': name only

*'''Paraguay''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Peru''': Prov. following name

*'''Suriname''': name only

*Trinidad and Tobago: no county-level list

*'''Uruguay''': Mun. following name

*'''Venezuela''': Mun. following name

===Asia===

*'''Afghanistan''': (Distr.) following name

*Armenia: no county-level list

*Azerbaijan: no county-level list

*Bahrain: no county-level list

*'''Bangladesh''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Bhutan''': Gewog following name

*British Indian Ocean Territory: no county-level list

*'''Brunei''': Mukim following name

*'''Cambodia''': (Distr.) following name

*'''China''': (Prefecture), (City) following name

*Cyprus: no county-level list

*'''India''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Indonesia''': (Regency) following name

*'''Iran''': (Co.) following name

*Iraq: no county-level list

*'''Israel''': (Subdistr.) following name

*'''Japan''': -shi (city or branch admin), -gun (counties) after name

*'''Jordan''': (Sub-distr.) following name

*'''Kazakhstan''': (Distr.) following name

*Kuwait: no county-level list

*'''Kyrgyzstan''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Laos''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Lebanon''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Malaysia''': (Distr.) following name

*Maldives: no county-level list

*'''Mongolia''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Myanmar''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Nepal''': (Distr.) following name

*'''North Korea''': (Co.), (City), (Distr.) following name

*'''Oman''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Pakistan''': (Div.) following name

*'''Palestine''': (Governorate) following name

*'''Philippines''': Mun. following name

*Qatar: no county-level list

*'''Saudi Arabia''': (Gov.) following name

*Singapore: no county-level list

*'''South Korea''': (Co.), (City), (Distr.) following name

*'''Sri Lanka''': (Div.) following name

*'''Syria''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Taiwan''': Co., Special Mun., Mun. following name

*'''Tajikistan''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Thailand''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Timor-Leste''': (Subdistr.) following name

*'''Türkiye (formerly Turkey)''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Turkmenistan''': (Distr.), (Admin. Distr.) following name

*United Arab Emirates: no county-level list

*'''Uzbekistan''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Vietnam''': (Distr.), (Urb. Distr.), (Isl.), (Twnshp.) following name

*'''Yemen''': (Distr.) following name

===Oceania===

*'''American Samoa''': Co. following name

*Christmas Island: no county-level list

*Cocos (Keeling) Islands: no county-level list

*Cook Islands: no county-level list

*'''Federated States of Micronesia''': (Mun.) following name

*'''Fiji''': (Prov.) following name

*'''French Polynesia''': (Commune) following name

*Guam: no county-level list

*Heard Island and McDonald Islands: no county-level list

*Kiribati: no county-level list

*'''Marshall Islands''': (Mun.) following name

*Nauru: no county-level list

*'''New Caledonia''': (Commune) following name

*'''New Zealand''': Distr. Following term

*'''Niue''': (Village) following name

*Norfolk Island: no county-level list

*Northern Mariana Islands: no county-level list

*Palau: no county-level list

*'''Papua New Guinea''': Distr. following name

*Pitcairn Islands: no county-level list

*Samoa: no county-level list

*'''Solomon Islands''': Ward following name

*Tokelau: no county-level list

*'''Tonga''': (Distr.) following name

*Tuvalu: no county-level list

*United States Minor Outlying Islands: no county-level list

*'''Vanuatu''': Area Council, Mun. following name

*'''Wallis and Futuna Islands''': (Distr.) following name

===Africa===

*'''Algeria''': (Mun.) following name

*'''Angola''': (Mun.) following name

*'''Benin''': (Commune) following name

*'''Botswana''': (Sub-distr.) following name

*'''Burkina Faso''': (Prov.) following the name

*'''Burundi''': (Commune) following name

*'''Cabo Verde (formerly Cape Verde)''': (Parish) following name

*'''Cameroon''': Dept. following name

*'''Central African Republic''': (Sub-prefecture) following name

*'''Chad''': (Dept.) following name

*Comoros: no county-level list

*'''Côte d'Ivoire (formerly Ivory Coast)''': (Region) following name

*'''Democratic Republic of the Congo''': (Zone) following name

*Djibouti: no county-level list

*'''Egypt''': Markaz following name

*'''Equatorial Guinea''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Eritrea''': (Subregion) following name

*'''Eswatini (formerly Swaziland)''': following name

*'''Ethiopia''': (Zone) following name

*'''Gabon''': (Dept.) following name

*'''Gambia''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Ghana''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Guinea''': (Sub-prefecture) following name

*'''Guinea-Bissau''': (Sector) following name

*'''Kenya''': (Constituency) following name

*'''Lesotho''': (Council) following name

*'''Liberia''': (Distr.) following name

*Libya: no county-level list

*'''Madagascar''': (Distr.) following name

*Malawi: no county-level list

*'''Mali''': Cercle following name

*'''Mauritania''': (Dept.) following name

*Mauritius: no county-level list

*Mayotte: no county-level list

*'''Morocco''': (Prov.), (Prefecture) following name

*'''Mozambique''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Namibia''': (Constituency) following name

*'''Niger''': (Dept.) following name

*'''Nigeria''': (Local Government Area) following name

*'''Republic of the Congo''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Reunion''': (Commune) following name

*'''Rwanda''': (Distr.) following name

*Saint Helena no county-level list

*São Tomé and Príncipe: no county-level list

*Seychelles: no county-level list

*'''Senegal''': (Dept.) following name

*'''Sierra Leone''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Somalia''': (Distr.) following name

*'''South Africa''': Distr. Mun./ Metro Mun. following name

*'''South Sudan''': Co. following name

*Western Sahara: no county-level list

*'''Sudan''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Tanzania''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Togo''': (Prefecture) following name

*'''Tunisia''': (Delegation) following name

*'''Uganda''': Co. following name

*Western Sahara: no county-level list

*'''Zambia''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Zimbabwe''': Distr. following name

===Europe===

*'''Russia''': (Distr.) following name

*Åland: no county-level list

*'''Albania''': (Mun.) following name

*Andorra: no county-level list

*'''Austria''': (Distr.) and (Statutory City) following name

*'''Belarus''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Belgium''': (Mun.) following name

*'''Bosnia and Herzegovina''': (Mun.) following name.

*'''Bulgaria''': (Mun.) following name

*'''Croatia''': (Mun.) and (City) following name

*'''Czech Republic''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Denmark''': (Mun.) following name

*'''Estonia''': (Parish) and (Urb. Mun.) following name

*'''Faroe Islands''': (Mun.) following name

*'''Finland''': (Sub-Region) following name

*'''France''': (Dept.) following name

*'''Georgia''': (Mun.) and (City) following name

*'''Germany''': (Urb. Distr.) and (Rural Distr.) following name

*'''Greece''': (Mun.) following name

*Guernsey: no county-level list

*'''Hungary''': (Distr.) following name

*'''Iceland''': (Mun.) following name

*Ireland: no county-level list

*'''Isle of Man''': Parish following name

*'''Italy''': (Prov.) and (Metro. City) following name

*Jersey: no county-level list

*Latvia: no county-level list

*Liechtenstein: no county-level list

*'''Lithuania''': (Distr. Mun.), (Mun.), (City Mun.) following name

*'''Luxembourg''': (Comm.) following name

*'''Malta''': (Local Concil) following name

*Moldova: no county-level list

*Monaco: no county-level list

*Montenegro: no county-level list

*'''Netherlands''': (Mun.) following name

*North Macedonia: no county-level list

*'''Norway''': (Mun.) following name

*'''Poland''': (Co.) and (City) following name

*'''Portugal''': Mun. following name

*'''Romania''': (Mun.), (City), (Commune) following name

*San Marino: no county-level list

*'''Serbia''': (Mun.), (City) following term

*'''Slovakia''': (Distr.) following term

*'''Slovenia''': (Mun.) following name

Updated: April 2024

Geography Exceptions to the Rule

2024-03-26T18:25:24Z

Egjieli:

==Geography Exceptions to the Rule==

Please reference this page for odd or out-dated geographical terms and/or categorizations that you may encounter in the collection.

=== Mismatched Geography Hierarchy in EMu ===

'''Azores''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Bermuda''': country in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: North America (sometimes miscategorized in West Indies)

'''Islas Canarias (Canary Islands)''': autonomous archipelago of Spain situated in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Spain

'''Easter Island (Rapa Nui, Isla de Pascua)''': island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not South America), Country: Chile

'''Hawaii''': state of the United States of America situated in the Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not North America), Country: United States of America

'''Madeira''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Trinidad and Tobago''': the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Continent: South America (not West Indies)

=== Important Hierarchical Variations to Note ===

'''United Kingdom''': In EMu, the primary administrative subdivision (province/state-level) consists of the four countries of the U.K.: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The secondary administrative subdivision (county-level) reflects the Administrative County, Metropolitan District, Unitary Authority (England); District (Northern Ireland); Council Area (Scotland); and Unitary Authority (Wales).

'''Brazil''': The secondary administrative subdivision (county-level) consists of the municipalities of Brazil, rather than the "Microregions" as cited by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ybr.html), as these units "...have no administrative function; they were defined by the federal government for purposes of convenience" (Law, 2007).

'''Puerto Rico''': As a commonwealth associated with the United States, there are no primary administrative subdivisions as defined by the U.S. government. The secondary administrative subdivisions are the municipios (https://welcome.topuertorico.org/government.shtml#:~:text=Administrative%20Divisions%20None%20%28Commonwealth%20associated%20with%20the%20U.S.%29%3B,The%20mayor%20appoints%20a%20secretary-auditor%20and%20a%20treasurer). In EMu, we cite the secondary administrative subdivisions (municipios) as the primary (state/province level), and we cite the tertiary administrative subdivision (barrios) as the secondary administrative subdivisions (county-level), as “the barrios of Puerto Rico are the primary legal divisions of the seventy-eight municipalities of Puerto Rico” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico).

'''Belgium''': The technical primary administrative subdivisions of Belgium are the regions (3): Flanders (Dutch-speaking region), Wallonia (French-speaking region), and Brussels (bilingual Dutch and French), which are then subdivided into provinces. In EMu, we cite the secondary administrative subdivision (provinces) as the primary. Arrondissements are the next sequential administrative level between province and municipality (cited by Statoids as the secondary administrative subdivision, http://www.statoids.com/ybe.html); alternatively, in EMu we cite the municipalities as the second administrative subdivision, disregarding the arrondissements.

=== Non-exhaustive list of historical country names in relation to present-day names ===

'''Abyssinia''' : Ethiopia

'''Annam''' : Vietnam (colonial French term)

'''Bangal''' : region consisting of parts of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal

'''Bohemia''' : Czech Republic

'''British Honduras''' : Belize

'''British Guiana''' : Guyana

'''British North Borneo''' : Malaysia

'''Burma''' : Myanmar

'''Cambodge''' : Cambodia

'''Ceylon''' : Sri Lanka

'''Formosa''' : Taiwan

'''French Indochina''' : region consisting of Cambodia, Laos, and parts of China and Vietnam

'''Hispanola''' : second largest Caribbean Island divided politically into Haiti (west) and the Dominican Republic (east)

'''Kaiser-Wilhelmsland''': portion of Papua New Guinea

'''Macedonia''' : North Macedonia

'''Moravia''' : Czech Republic

'''New Granada''' : region consisting of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela

'''New Hebrides''' : Vanuatu

'''New Holland''' : Australia

'''Northern Rhodesia''' : Zambia

'''Persia''' : Iran

'''Siam''' : Thailand

'''Southern Rhodesia''' : Zimbabwe

'''Tonkin/Tongkin/Tongquin''': exonym referring to northern region of Vietnam

'''Yugoslavia''' : region consisting of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia

'''Zaire''' : Democratic Republic of the Congo

Please email egjieli@nybg.org if you come across other terms that should be added to this list.

Geography Exceptions to the Rule

2024-03-26T18:24:22Z

Egjieli: /* Important Hierarchical Variations to Note */

==Geography Exceptions to the Rule==

Please reference this page for odd or out-dated geographical terms and/or categorizations that you may encounter in the collection.

=== Mismatched Geography Hierarchy in EMu ===

'''Azores''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Bermuda''': country in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: North America (sometimes miscategorized in West Indies)

'''Islas Canarias (Canary Islands)''': autonomous archipelago of Spain situated in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Spain

'''Easter Island (Rapa Nui, Isla de Pascua)''': island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not South America), Country: Chile

'''Hawaii''': state of the United States of America situated in the Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not North America), Country: United States of America

'''Madeira''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Trinidad and Tobago''': the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Continent: South America (not West Indies)

=== Important Hierarchical Variations to Note ===

'''United Kingdom''': In EMu, the primary administrative subdivision (province/state-level) consists of the four countries of the U.K.: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The secondary administrative subdivision (county-level) reflects the Administrative County, Metropolitan District, Unitary Authority (England); District (Northern Ireland); Council Area (Scotland); and Unitary Authority (Wales).

'''Brazil''': The secondary administrative subdivision (county-level) consists of the municipalities of Brazil, rather than the "Microregions" as cited by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ybr.html), as these units "...have no administrative function; they were defined by the federal government for purposes of convenience" (Law, 2007).

'''Puerto Rico''': As a commonwealth associated with the United States, there are no primary administrative subdivisions as defined by the U.S. government. The secondary administrative subdivisions are the municipios (https://welcome.topuertorico.org/government.shtml#:~:text=Administrative%20Divisions%20None%20%28Commonwealth%20associated%20with%20the%20U.S.%29%3B,The%20mayor%20appoints%20a%20secretary-auditor%20and%20a%20treasurer). In EMu, we cite the secondary administrative subdivisions (municipios) as the primary (state/province level), and we cite the tertiary administrative subdivision (barrios) as the secondary administrative subdivisions (county-level), as “the barrios of Puerto Rico are the primary legal divisions of the seventy-eight municipalities of Puerto Rico” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico).

'''Belgium''': The technical primary administrative subdivisions of Belgium are the regions (3): Flanders (Dutch-speaking region), Wallonia (French-speaking region), and Brussels (bilingual Dutch and French), which are then subdivided into provinces. In EMu, we cite the secondary administrative subdivision (provinces) as the primary. Arrondissements are the next sequential administrative level between province and municipality (cited by Statoids as the secondary administrative subdivision, http://www.statoids.com/ybe.html); alternatively, in EMu we cite the municipalities as the second administrative subdivision, disregarding the arrondissements.

=== Non-exhaustive list of historical country names in relation to present-day names ===

'''Abyssinia''' : Ethiopia

'''Annam''' : Vietnam (colonial French term)

'''Bangal''' : region consisting of parts of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal

'''Bohemia''' : Czech Republic

'''British Honduras''' : Belize

'''British Guiana''' : Guyana

'''British North Borneo''' : Malaysia

'''Burma''' : Myanmar

'''Cambodge''' : Cambodia

'''Ceylon''' : Sri Lanka

'''Formosa''' : Taiwan

'''French Indochina''' : region consisting of Cambodia, Laos, and parts of China and Vietnam

'''Hispanola''' : second largest Caribbean Island divided politically into Haiti (west) and the Dominican Republic (east)

'''Kaiser-Wilhelmsland''': portion of Papua New Guinea

'''Macedonia''' : North Macedonia

'''Moravia''' : Czech Republic

'''New Granada''' : region consisting of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela

'''New Hebrides''' : Vanuatu

'''New Holland''' : Australia

'''Northern Rhodesia''' : Zambia

'''Persia''' : Iran

'''Siam''' : Thailand

'''Southern Rhodesia''' : Zimbabwe

'''Tonkin/Tongkin/Tongquin''': exonym referring to northern region of Vietnam

'''Yugoslavia''' : region consisting of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia

'''Zaire''' : Democratic Republic of the Congo

Please email egjieli@nybg.org if you come across other terms that should be added to this list.

Geography Exceptions to the Rule

2024-03-26T18:02:56Z

Egjieli:

==Geography Exceptions to the Rule==

Please reference this page for odd or out-dated geographical terms and/or categorizations that you may encounter in the collection.

=== Mismatched Geography Hierarchy in EMu ===

'''Azores''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Bermuda''': country in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: North America (sometimes miscategorized in West Indies)

'''Islas Canarias (Canary Islands)''': autonomous archipelago of Spain situated in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Spain

'''Easter Island (Rapa Nui, Isla de Pascua)''': island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not South America), Country: Chile

'''Hawaii''': state of the United States of America situated in the Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not North America), Country: United States of America

'''Madeira''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Trinidad and Tobago''': the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Continent: South America (not West Indies)

=== Important Hierarchical Variations to Note ===

'''United Kingdom''': Province/state level (primary administrative subdivision) does not match Statoids provided list. Province/state list values consists of the four countries of the United Kingdom: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, which deviates from the primary administrative division list provided by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ugb.html). The primary administrative division list for the U.K. provided by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ugb.html) was incorporated as the secondary administrative division values in EMu, by country.

'''Brazil''': District/county list values (secondary administrative subdivision) in EMu do not match Statoids provided "Microregions" (http://www.statoids.com/ybr.html). Microregions "...have no administrative function; they were defined by the federal government for purposes of convenience" (Law, 2007). Alternatively, the secondary administrative units (municipalities) were gathered from the Wikipedia page "List of Municipalities of Brazil," according to State (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Brazil).

'''Puerto Rico''': As a commonwealth associated with the United States, there are no first-level administrative subdivisions as defined by the U.S. government. The second-level administrative subdivisions are municipios (https://welcome.topuertorico.org/government.shtml#:~:text=Administrative%20Divisions%20None%20%28Commonwealth%20associated%20with%20the%20U.S.%29%3B,The%20mayor%20appoints%20a%20secretary-auditor%20and%20a%20treasurer). For our intents and purposes, we cite the second-level administrative subdivisions as the first-level, listing the municipios as the State/Province for the country, and use the third-level administrative areas (barrios) as the secondary political subdivisions, as “the barrios of Puerto Rico are the primary legal divisions of the seventy-eight municipalities of Puerto Rico” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico). This is also in agreement with Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/upr.html) although Statoids does not provide the list of barrios.

'''Belgium''': The technical first-level administrative subdivisions of Belgium are the regions (3): Flanders (Dutch-speaking region), Wallonia (French-speaking region), and Brussels (bilingual Dutch and French), which are then subdivided into provinces. For our intents and purposes, we cite the second-level administrative subdivision (province) as the first-level. Arrondissements are the next sequential administrative level between province and municipality (cited by Statoids as the second-level administrative subdivision, http://www.statoids.com/ybe.html), but we will be referencing municipalities of the provinces as the second-level administrative division.

=== Non-exhaustive list of historical country names in relation to present-day names ===

'''Abyssinia''' : Ethiopia

'''Annam''' : Vietnam (colonial French term)

'''Bangal''' : region consisting of parts of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal

'''Bohemia''' : Czech Republic

'''British Honduras''' : Belize

'''British Guiana''' : Guyana

'''British North Borneo''' : Malaysia

'''Burma''' : Myanmar

'''Cambodge''' : Cambodia

'''Ceylon''' : Sri Lanka

'''Formosa''' : Taiwan

'''French Indochina''' : region consisting of Cambodia, Laos, and parts of China and Vietnam

'''Hispanola''' : second largest Caribbean Island divided politically into Haiti (west) and the Dominican Republic (east)

'''Kaiser-Wilhelmsland''': portion of Papua New Guinea

'''Macedonia''' : North Macedonia

'''Moravia''' : Czech Republic

'''New Granada''' : region consisting of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela

'''New Hebrides''' : Vanuatu

'''New Holland''' : Australia

'''Northern Rhodesia''' : Zambia

'''Persia''' : Iran

'''Siam''' : Thailand

'''Southern Rhodesia''' : Zimbabwe

'''Tonkin/Tongkin/Tongquin''': exonym referring to northern region of Vietnam

'''Yugoslavia''' : region consisting of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia

'''Zaire''' : Democratic Republic of the Congo

Please email egjieli@nybg.org if you come across other terms that should be added to this list.

Geography Exceptions to the Rule

2024-03-26T17:59:11Z

Egjieli:

==Geography Exceptions to the Rule==

Please reference this page for odd or out-dated geographical terms and/or categorizations that you may encounter in the collection.

=== Mismatched Geography Hierarchy in EMu ===

'''Azores''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Bermuda''': country in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: North America (sometimes miscategorized in West Indies)

'''Islas Canarias (Canary Islands)''': autonomous archipelago of Spain situated in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Spain

'''Easter Island (Rapa Nui, Isla de Pascua)''': island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not South America), Country: Chile

'''Hawaii''': state of the United States of America situated in the Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not North America), Country: United States of America

'''Madeira''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Tonkin/Tongkin/Tongquin''': exonym referring to northern region of Vietnam

'''Trinidad and Tobago''': the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Continent: South America (not West Indies)

=== Important Hierarchical Variations to Note ===

'''United Kingdom''': Province/state level (primary administrative subdivision) does not match Statoids provided list. Province/state list values consists of the four countries of the United Kingdom: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, which deviates from the primary administrative division list provided by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ugb.html). The primary administrative division list for the U.K. provided by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ugb.html) was incorporated as the secondary administrative division values in EMu, by country.

'''Brazil''': District/county list values (secondary administrative subdivision) in EMu do not match Statoids provided "Microregions" (http://www.statoids.com/ybr.html). Microregions "...have no administrative function; they were defined by the federal government for purposes of convenience" (Law, 2007). Alternatively, the secondary administrative units (municipalities) were gathered from the Wikipedia page "List of Municipalities of Brazil," according to State (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Brazil).

'''Puerto Rico''': As a commonwealth associated with the United States, there are no first-level administrative subdivisions as defined by the U.S. government. The second-level administrative subdivisions are municipios (https://welcome.topuertorico.org/government.shtml#:~:text=Administrative%20Divisions%20None%20%28Commonwealth%20associated%20with%20the%20U.S.%29%3B,The%20mayor%20appoints%20a%20secretary-auditor%20and%20a%20treasurer). For our intents and purposes, we cite the second-level administrative subdivisions as the first-level, listing the municipios as the State/Province for the country, and use the third-level administrative areas (barrios) as the secondary political subdivisions, as “the barrios of Puerto Rico are the primary legal divisions of the seventy-eight municipalities of Puerto Rico” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico). This is also in agreement with Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/upr.html) although Statoids does not provide the list of barrios.

'''Belgium''': The technical first-level administrative subdivisions of Belgium are the regions (3): Flanders (Dutch-speaking region), Wallonia (French-speaking region), and Brussels (bilingual Dutch and French), which are then subdivided into provinces. For our intents and purposes, we cite the second-level administrative subdivision (province) as the first-level. Arrondissements are the next sequential administrative level between province and municipality (cited by Statoids as the second-level administrative subdivision, http://www.statoids.com/ybe.html), but we will be referencing municipalities of the provinces as the second-level administrative division.

=== Non-exhaustive list of historical country names in relation to present-day names ===

'''Abyssinia''' : Ethiopia

'''Annam''' : Vietnam (colonial French term)

'''Bangal''' : region consisting of parts of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal

'''Bohemia''' : Czech Republic

'''British Honduras''' : Belize

'''British Guiana''' : Guyana

'''British North Borneo''' : Malaysia

'''Burma''' : Myanmar

'''Cambodge''' : Cambodia

'''Ceylon''' : Sri Lanka

'''Formosa''' : Taiwan

'''French Indochina''' : region consisting of Cambodia, Laos, and parts of China and Vietnam

'''Hispanola''' : second largest Caribbean Island divided politically into Haiti (west) and the Dominican Republic (east)

'''Macedonia''' : North Macedonia

'''Moravia''' : Czech Republic

'''New Granada''' : region consisting of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela

'''New Hebrides''' : Vanuatu

'''New Holland''' : Australia

'''Northern Rhodesia''' : Zambia

'''Persia''' : Iran

'''Siam''' : Thailand

'''Southern Rhodesia''' : Zimbabwe

'''Yugoslavia''' : region consisting of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia

'''Zaire''' : Democratic Republic of the Congo

Please email egjieli@nybg.org if you come across other terms that should be added to this list.

Geography Exceptions to the Rule

2024-03-26T17:50:12Z

Egjieli: /* Geography Exceptions to the Rule */

==Geography Exceptions to the Rule==

Please reference this page for odd or out-dated geographical terms and/or categorizations that you may encounter in the collection.

=== Mismatched Geography Hierarchy in EMu ===

'''Azores''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Bermuda''': country in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: North America (sometimes miscategorized in West Indies)

'''Islas Canarias (Canary Islands)''': autonomous archipelago of Spain situated in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Spain

'''Easter Island (Rapa Nui, Isla de Pascua)''': island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not South America), Country: Chile

'''Hawaii''': state of the United States of America situated in the Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not North America), Country: United States of America

'''Madeira''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Trinidad and Tobago''': the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Continent: South America (not West Indies)

=== Important Hierarchical Variations to Note ===

'''United Kingdom''': Province/state level (primary administrative subdivision) does not match Statoids provided list. Province/state list values consists of the four countries of the United Kingdom: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, which deviates from the primary administrative division list provided by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ugb.html). The primary administrative division list for the U.K. provided by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ugb.html) was incorporated as the secondary administrative division values in EMu, by country.

'''Brazil''': District/county list values (secondary administrative subdivision) in EMu do not match Statoids provided "Microregions" (http://www.statoids.com/ybr.html). Microregions "...have no administrative function; they were defined by the federal government for purposes of convenience" (Law, 2007). Alternatively, the secondary administrative units (municipalities) were gathered from the Wikipedia page "List of Municipalities of Brazil," according to State (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Brazil).

'''Puerto Rico''': As a commonwealth associated with the United States, there are no first-level administrative subdivisions as defined by the U.S. government. The second-level administrative subdivisions are municipios (https://welcome.topuertorico.org/government.shtml#:~:text=Administrative%20Divisions%20None%20%28Commonwealth%20associated%20with%20the%20U.S.%29%3B,The%20mayor%20appoints%20a%20secretary-auditor%20and%20a%20treasurer). For our intents and purposes, we cite the second-level administrative subdivisions as the first-level, listing the municipios as the State/Province for the country, and use the third-level administrative areas (barrios) as the secondary political subdivisions, as “the barrios of Puerto Rico are the primary legal divisions of the seventy-eight municipalities of Puerto Rico” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico). This is also in agreement with Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/upr.html) although Statoids does not provide the list of barrios.

'''Belgium''': The technical first-level administrative subdivisions of Belgium are the regions (3): Flanders (Dutch-speaking region), Wallonia (French-speaking region), and Brussels (bilingual Dutch and French), which are then subdivided into provinces. For our intents and purposes, we cite the second-level administrative subdivision (province) as the first-level. Arrondissements are the next sequential administrative level between province and municipality (cited by Statoids as the second-level administrative subdivision, http://www.statoids.com/ybe.html), but we will be referencing municipalities of the provinces as the second-level administrative division.

=== Non-exhaustive list of historical country names in relation to present-day names ===

'''Abyssinia''' : Ethiopia

'''Annam''' : Vietnam (colonial French term)

'''Bangal''' : region consisting of parts of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal

'''Bohemia''' : Czech Republic

'''British Honduras''' : Belize

'''British Guiana''' : Guyana

'''British North Borneo''' : Malaysia

'''Burma''' : Myanmar

'''Cambodge''' : Cambodia

'''Ceylon''' : Sri Lanka

'''Formosa''' : Taiwan

'''French Indochina''' : region consisting of Cambodia, Laos, and parts of China and Vietnam

'''Hispanola''' : second largest Caribbean Island divided politically into Haiti (west) and the Dominican Republic (east)

'''Macedonia''' : North Macedonia

'''Moravia''' : Czech Republic

'''New Granada''' : region consisting of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela

'''New Hebrides''' : Vanuatu

'''New Holland''' : Australia

'''Northern Rhodesia''' : Zambia

'''Persia''' : Iran

'''Siam''' : Thailand

'''Southern Rhodesia''' : Zimbabwe

'''Yugoslavia''' : region consisting of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia

'''Zaire''' : Democratic Republic of the Congo

Please email egjieli@nybg.org if you come across other terms that should be added to this list.

Geography Exceptions to the Rule

2024-03-26T17:49:18Z

Egjieli: /* Geography Exceptions to the Rule */

==Geography Exceptions to the Rule==

Please reference this page for odd or our-dated geographical terms and/or categorizations that you may encounter in the collection.

=== Mismatched Geography Hierarchy in EMu ===

'''Azores''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Bermuda''': country in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: North America (sometimes miscategorized in West Indies)

'''Islas Canarias (Canary Islands)''': autonomous archipelago of Spain situated in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Spain

'''Easter Island (Rapa Nui, Isla de Pascua)''': island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not South America), Country: Chile

'''Hawaii''': state of the United States of America situated in the Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not North America), Country: United States of America

'''Madeira''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Trinidad and Tobago''': the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Continent: South America (not West Indies)

=== Important Hierarchical Variations to Note ===

'''United Kingdom''': Province/state level (primary administrative subdivision) does not match Statoids provided list. Province/state list values consists of the four countries of the United Kingdom: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, which deviates from the primary administrative division list provided by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ugb.html). The primary administrative division list for the U.K. provided by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ugb.html) was incorporated as the secondary administrative division values in EMu, by country.

'''Brazil''': District/county list values (secondary administrative subdivision) in EMu do not match Statoids provided "Microregions" (http://www.statoids.com/ybr.html). Microregions "...have no administrative function; they were defined by the federal government for purposes of convenience" (Law, 2007). Alternatively, the secondary administrative units (municipalities) were gathered from the Wikipedia page "List of Municipalities of Brazil," according to State (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Brazil).

'''Puerto Rico''': As a commonwealth associated with the United States, there are no first-level administrative subdivisions as defined by the U.S. government. The second-level administrative subdivisions are municipios (https://welcome.topuertorico.org/government.shtml#:~:text=Administrative%20Divisions%20None%20%28Commonwealth%20associated%20with%20the%20U.S.%29%3B,The%20mayor%20appoints%20a%20secretary-auditor%20and%20a%20treasurer). For our intents and purposes, we cite the second-level administrative subdivisions as the first-level, listing the municipios as the State/Province for the country, and use the third-level administrative areas (barrios) as the secondary political subdivisions, as “the barrios of Puerto Rico are the primary legal divisions of the seventy-eight municipalities of Puerto Rico” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico). This is also in agreement with Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/upr.html) although Statoids does not provide the list of barrios.

'''Belgium''': The technical first-level administrative subdivisions of Belgium are the regions (3): Flanders (Dutch-speaking region), Wallonia (French-speaking region), and Brussels (bilingual Dutch and French), which are then subdivided into provinces. For our intents and purposes, we cite the second-level administrative subdivision (province) as the first-level. Arrondissements are the next sequential administrative level between province and municipality (cited by Statoids as the second-level administrative subdivision, http://www.statoids.com/ybe.html), but we will be referencing municipalities of the provinces as the second-level administrative division.

=== Non-exhaustive list of historical country names in relation to present-day names ===

'''Abyssinia''' : Ethiopia

'''Annam''' : Vietnam (colonial French term)

'''Bangal''' : region consisting of parts of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal

'''Bohemia''' : Czech Republic

'''British Honduras''' : Belize

'''British Guiana''' : Guyana

'''British North Borneo''' : Malaysia

'''Burma''' : Myanmar

'''Cambodge''' : Cambodia

'''Ceylon''' : Sri Lanka

'''Formosa''' : Taiwan

'''French Indochina''' : region consisting of Cambodia, Laos, and parts of China and Vietnam

'''Hispanola''' : second largest Caribbean Island divided politically into Haiti (west) and the Dominican Republic (east)

'''Macedonia''' : North Macedonia

'''Moravia''' : Czech Republic

'''New Granada''' : region consisting of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela

'''New Hebrides''' : Vanuatu

'''New Holland''' : Australia

'''Northern Rhodesia''' : Zambia

'''Persia''' : Iran

'''Siam''' : Thailand

'''Southern Rhodesia''' : Zimbabwe

'''Yugoslavia''' : region consisting of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia

'''Zaire''' : Democratic Republic of the Congo

Please email egjieli@nybg.org if you come across other terms that should be added to this list.

Geography Exceptions to the Rule

2024-03-26T17:48:49Z

Egjieli: /* Geography Exceptions to the Rule */

==Geography Exceptions to the Rule==

Please reference this page for odd or historical geographical terms and/or categorizations that you may encounter while using EMu.

=== Mismatched Geography Hierarchy in EMu ===

'''Azores''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Bermuda''': country in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: North America (sometimes miscategorized in West Indies)

'''Islas Canarias (Canary Islands)''': autonomous archipelago of Spain situated in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Spain

'''Easter Island (Rapa Nui, Isla de Pascua)''': island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not South America), Country: Chile

'''Hawaii''': state of the United States of America situated in the Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not North America), Country: United States of America

'''Madeira''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Trinidad and Tobago''': the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Continent: South America (not West Indies)

=== Important Hierarchical Variations to Note ===

'''United Kingdom''': Province/state level (primary administrative subdivision) does not match Statoids provided list. Province/state list values consists of the four countries of the United Kingdom: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, which deviates from the primary administrative division list provided by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ugb.html). The primary administrative division list for the U.K. provided by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ugb.html) was incorporated as the secondary administrative division values in EMu, by country.

'''Brazil''': District/county list values (secondary administrative subdivision) in EMu do not match Statoids provided "Microregions" (http://www.statoids.com/ybr.html). Microregions "...have no administrative function; they were defined by the federal government for purposes of convenience" (Law, 2007). Alternatively, the secondary administrative units (municipalities) were gathered from the Wikipedia page "List of Municipalities of Brazil," according to State (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Brazil).

'''Puerto Rico''': As a commonwealth associated with the United States, there are no first-level administrative subdivisions as defined by the U.S. government. The second-level administrative subdivisions are municipios (https://welcome.topuertorico.org/government.shtml#:~:text=Administrative%20Divisions%20None%20%28Commonwealth%20associated%20with%20the%20U.S.%29%3B,The%20mayor%20appoints%20a%20secretary-auditor%20and%20a%20treasurer). For our intents and purposes, we cite the second-level administrative subdivisions as the first-level, listing the municipios as the State/Province for the country, and use the third-level administrative areas (barrios) as the secondary political subdivisions, as “the barrios of Puerto Rico are the primary legal divisions of the seventy-eight municipalities of Puerto Rico” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico). This is also in agreement with Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/upr.html) although Statoids does not provide the list of barrios.

'''Belgium''': The technical first-level administrative subdivisions of Belgium are the regions (3): Flanders (Dutch-speaking region), Wallonia (French-speaking region), and Brussels (bilingual Dutch and French), which are then subdivided into provinces. For our intents and purposes, we cite the second-level administrative subdivision (province) as the first-level. Arrondissements are the next sequential administrative level between province and municipality (cited by Statoids as the second-level administrative subdivision, http://www.statoids.com/ybe.html), but we will be referencing municipalities of the provinces as the second-level administrative division.

=== Non-exhaustive list of historical country names in relation to present-day names ===

'''Abyssinia''' : Ethiopia

'''Annam''' : Vietnam (colonial French term)

'''Bangal''' : region consisting of parts of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal

'''Bohemia''' : Czech Republic

'''British Honduras''' : Belize

'''British Guiana''' : Guyana

'''British North Borneo''' : Malaysia

'''Burma''' : Myanmar

'''Cambodge''' : Cambodia

'''Ceylon''' : Sri Lanka

'''Formosa''' : Taiwan

'''French Indochina''' : region consisting of Cambodia, Laos, and parts of China and Vietnam

'''Hispanola''' : second largest Caribbean Island divided politically into Haiti (west) and the Dominican Republic (east)

'''Macedonia''' : North Macedonia

'''Moravia''' : Czech Republic

'''New Granada''' : region consisting of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela

'''New Hebrides''' : Vanuatu

'''New Holland''' : Australia

'''Northern Rhodesia''' : Zambia

'''Persia''' : Iran

'''Siam''' : Thailand

'''Southern Rhodesia''' : Zimbabwe

'''Yugoslavia''' : region consisting of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia

'''Zaire''' : Democratic Republic of the Congo

Please email egjieli@nybg.org if you come across other terms that should be added to this list.

Geography Exceptions to the Rule

2024-03-26T17:47:16Z

Egjieli: /* Geography Exceptions to the Rule */

==Geography Exceptions to the Rule==

This page details odd or historical geographical terms and hierarchy that you may encounter while using EMu.

=== Mismatched Geography Hierarchy in EMu ===

'''Azores''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Bermuda''': country in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: North America (sometimes miscategorized in West Indies)

'''Islas Canarias (Canary Islands)''': autonomous archipelago of Spain situated in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Spain

'''Easter Island (Rapa Nui, Isla de Pascua)''': island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not South America), Country: Chile

'''Hawaii''': state of the United States of America situated in the Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not North America), Country: United States of America

'''Madeira''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Trinidad and Tobago''': the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Continent: South America (not West Indies)

=== Important Hierarchical Variations to Note ===

'''United Kingdom''': Province/state level (primary administrative subdivision) does not match Statoids provided list. Province/state list values consists of the four countries of the United Kingdom: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, which deviates from the primary administrative division list provided by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ugb.html). The primary administrative division list for the U.K. provided by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ugb.html) was incorporated as the secondary administrative division values in EMu, by country.

'''Brazil''': District/county list values (secondary administrative subdivision) in EMu do not match Statoids provided "Microregions" (http://www.statoids.com/ybr.html). Microregions "...have no administrative function; they were defined by the federal government for purposes of convenience" (Law, 2007). Alternatively, the secondary administrative units (municipalities) were gathered from the Wikipedia page "List of Municipalities of Brazil," according to State (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Brazil).

'''Puerto Rico''': As a commonwealth associated with the United States, there are no first-level administrative subdivisions as defined by the U.S. government. The second-level administrative subdivisions are municipios (https://welcome.topuertorico.org/government.shtml#:~:text=Administrative%20Divisions%20None%20%28Commonwealth%20associated%20with%20the%20U.S.%29%3B,The%20mayor%20appoints%20a%20secretary-auditor%20and%20a%20treasurer). For our intents and purposes, we cite the second-level administrative subdivisions as the first-level, listing the municipios as the State/Province for the country, and use the third-level administrative areas (barrios) as the secondary political subdivisions, as “the barrios of Puerto Rico are the primary legal divisions of the seventy-eight municipalities of Puerto Rico” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico). This is also in agreement with Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/upr.html) although Statoids does not provide the list of barrios.

'''Belgium''': The technical first-level administrative subdivisions of Belgium are the regions (3): Flanders (Dutch-speaking region), Wallonia (French-speaking region), and Brussels (bilingual Dutch and French), which are then subdivided into provinces. For our intents and purposes, we cite the second-level administrative subdivision (province) as the first-level. Arrondissements are the next sequential administrative level between province and municipality (cited by Statoids as the second-level administrative subdivision, http://www.statoids.com/ybe.html), but we will be referencing municipalities of the provinces as the second-level administrative division.

=== Non-exhaustive list of historical country names in relation to present-day names ===

'''Abyssinia''' : Ethiopia

'''Annam''' : Vietnam (colonial French term)

'''Bangal''' : region consisting of parts of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal

'''Bohemia''' : Czech Republic

'''British Honduras''' : Belize

'''British Guiana''' : Guyana

'''British North Borneo''' : Malaysia

'''Burma''' : Myanmar

'''Cambodge''' : Cambodia

'''Ceylon''' : Sri Lanka

'''Formosa''' : Taiwan

'''French Indochina''' : region consisting of Cambodia, Laos, and parts of China and Vietnam

'''Hispanola''' : second largest Caribbean Island divided politically into Haiti (west) and the Dominican Republic (east)

'''Macedonia''' : North Macedonia

'''Moravia''' : Czech Republic

'''New Granada''' : region consisting of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela

'''New Hebrides''' : Vanuatu

'''New Holland''' : Australia

'''Northern Rhodesia''' : Zambia

'''Persia''' : Iran

'''Siam''' : Thailand

'''Southern Rhodesia''' : Zimbabwe

'''Yugoslavia''' : region consisting of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia

'''Zaire''' : Democratic Republic of the Congo

Please email egjieli@nybg.org if you come across other terms that should be added to this list.

Geography Exceptions to the Rule

2024-03-26T17:46:52Z

Egjieli:

==Geography Exceptions to the Rule==

This page details odd geographical terms and hierarchy that you may encounter while using EMu.

=== Mismatched Geography Hierarchy in EMu ===

'''Azores''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Bermuda''': country in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: North America (sometimes miscategorized in West Indies)

'''Islas Canarias (Canary Islands)''': autonomous archipelago of Spain situated in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Spain

'''Easter Island (Rapa Nui, Isla de Pascua)''': island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not South America), Country: Chile

'''Hawaii''': state of the United States of America situated in the Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not North America), Country: United States of America

'''Madeira''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Trinidad and Tobago''': the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Continent: South America (not West Indies)

=== Important Hierarchical Variations to Note ===

'''United Kingdom''': Province/state level (primary administrative subdivision) does not match Statoids provided list. Province/state list values consists of the four countries of the United Kingdom: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, which deviates from the primary administrative division list provided by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ugb.html). The primary administrative division list for the U.K. provided by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ugb.html) was incorporated as the secondary administrative division values in EMu, by country.

'''Brazil''': District/county list values (secondary administrative subdivision) in EMu do not match Statoids provided "Microregions" (http://www.statoids.com/ybr.html). Microregions "...have no administrative function; they were defined by the federal government for purposes of convenience" (Law, 2007). Alternatively, the secondary administrative units (municipalities) were gathered from the Wikipedia page "List of Municipalities of Brazil," according to State (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Brazil).

'''Puerto Rico''': As a commonwealth associated with the United States, there are no first-level administrative subdivisions as defined by the U.S. government. The second-level administrative subdivisions are municipios (https://welcome.topuertorico.org/government.shtml#:~:text=Administrative%20Divisions%20None%20%28Commonwealth%20associated%20with%20the%20U.S.%29%3B,The%20mayor%20appoints%20a%20secretary-auditor%20and%20a%20treasurer). For our intents and purposes, we cite the second-level administrative subdivisions as the first-level, listing the municipios as the State/Province for the country, and use the third-level administrative areas (barrios) as the secondary political subdivisions, as “the barrios of Puerto Rico are the primary legal divisions of the seventy-eight municipalities of Puerto Rico” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico). This is also in agreement with Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/upr.html) although Statoids does not provide the list of barrios.

'''Belgium''': The technical first-level administrative subdivisions of Belgium are the regions (3): Flanders (Dutch-speaking region), Wallonia (French-speaking region), and Brussels (bilingual Dutch and French), which are then subdivided into provinces. For our intents and purposes, we cite the second-level administrative subdivision (province) as the first-level. Arrondissements are the next sequential administrative level between province and municipality (cited by Statoids as the second-level administrative subdivision, http://www.statoids.com/ybe.html), but we will be referencing municipalities of the provinces as the second-level administrative division.

=== Non-exhaustive list of historical country names in relation to present-day names ===

'''Abyssinia''' : Ethiopia

'''Annam''' : Vietnam (colonial French term)

'''Bangal''' : region consisting of parts of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal

'''Bohemia''' : Czech Republic

'''British Honduras''' : Belize

'''British Guiana''' : Guyana

'''British North Borneo''' : Malaysia

'''Burma''' : Myanmar

'''Cambodge''' : Cambodia

'''Ceylon''' : Sri Lanka

'''Formosa''' : Taiwan

'''French Indochina''' : region consisting of Cambodia, Laos, and parts of China and Vietnam

'''Hispanola''' : second largest Caribbean Island divided politically into Haiti (west) and the Dominican Republic (east)

'''Macedonia''' : North Macedonia

'''Moravia''' : Czech Republic

'''New Granada''' : region consisting of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela

'''New Hebrides''' : Vanuatu

'''New Holland''' : Australia

'''Northern Rhodesia''' : Zambia

'''Persia''' : Iran

'''Siam''' : Thailand

'''Southern Rhodesia''' : Zimbabwe

'''Yugoslavia''' : region consisting of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia

'''Zaire''' : Democratic Republic of the Congo

Please email egjieli@nybg.org if you come across other terms that should be added to this list.

Geography Exceptions to the Rule

2024-03-26T17:41:09Z

Egjieli:

=== Mismatched Geography Hierarchy in EMu ===

'''Azores''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Bermuda''': country in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: North America (sometimes miscategorized in West Indies)

'''Islas Canarias (Canary Islands)''': autonomous archipelago of Spain situated in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Spain

'''Easter Island (Rapa Nui, Isla de Pascua)''': island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not South America), Country: Chile

'''Hawaii''': state of the United States of America situated in the Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not North America), Country: United States of America

'''Madeira''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Trinidad and Tobago''': the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Continent: South America (not West Indies)

=== Important Hierarchical Variations to Note ===

'''United Kingdom''': Province/state level (primary administrative subdivision) does not match Statoids provided list. Province/state list values consists of the four countries of the United Kingdom: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, which deviates from the primary administrative division list provided by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ugb.html). The primary administrative division list for the U.K. provided by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ugb.html) was incorporated as the secondary administrative division values in EMu, by country.

'''Brazil''': District/county list values (secondary administrative subdivision) in EMu do not match Statoids provided "Microregions" (http://www.statoids.com/ybr.html). Microregions "...have no administrative function; they were defined by the federal government for purposes of convenience" (Law, 2007). Alternatively, the secondary administrative units (municipalities) were gathered from the Wikipedia page "List of Municipalities of Brazil," according to State (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Brazil).

'''Puerto Rico''': As a commonwealth associated with the United States, there are no first-level administrative subdivisions as defined by the U.S. government. The second-level administrative subdivisions are municipios (https://welcome.topuertorico.org/government.shtml#:~:text=Administrative%20Divisions%20None%20%28Commonwealth%20associated%20with%20the%20U.S.%29%3B,The%20mayor%20appoints%20a%20secretary-auditor%20and%20a%20treasurer). For our intents and purposes, we cite the second-level administrative subdivisions as the first-level, listing the municipios as the State/Province for the country, and use the third-level administrative areas (barrios) as the secondary political subdivisions, as “the barrios of Puerto Rico are the primary legal divisions of the seventy-eight municipalities of Puerto Rico” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico). This is also in agreement with Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/upr.html) although Statoids does not provide the list of barrios.

'''Belgium''': The technical first-level administrative subdivisions of Belgium are the regions (3): Flanders (Dutch-speaking region), Wallonia (French-speaking region), and Brussels (bilingual Dutch and French), which are then subdivided into provinces. For our intents and purposes, we cite the second-level administrative subdivision (province) as the first-level. Arrondissements are the next sequential administrative level between province and municipality (cited by Statoids as the second-level administrative subdivision, http://www.statoids.com/ybe.html), but we will be referencing municipalities of the provinces as the second-level administrative division.

=== Non-exhaustive list of historical country names in relation to present-day names ===

'''Abyssinia''' : Ethiopia

'''Annam''' : Vietnam (colonial French term)

'''Bangal''' : region consisting of parts of Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal

'''Bohemia''' : Czech Republic

'''British Honduras''' : Belize

'''British Guiana''' : Guyana

'''British North Borneo''' : Malaysia

'''Burma''' : Myanmar

'''Cambodge''' : Cambodia

'''Ceylon''' : Sri Lanka

'''Formosa''' : Taiwan

'''French Indochina''' : region consisting of Cambodia, Laos, and parts of China and Vietnam

'''Hispanola''' : second largest Caribbean Island divided politically into Haiti (west) and the Dominican Republic (east)

'''Macedonia''' : North Macedonia

'''Moravia''' : Czech Republic

'''New Granada''' : region consisting of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela

'''New Hebrides''' : Vanuatu

'''New Holland''' : Australia

'''Northern Rhodesia''' : Zambia

'''Persia''' : Iran

'''Siam''' : Thailand

'''Southern Rhodesia''' : Zimbabwe

'''Yugoslavia''' : region consisting of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia

'''Zaire''' : Democratic Republic of the Congo

Please email egjieli@nybg.org if you come across other terms that should be added to this list.

File:NYBG Georeferencing 2023 Part 3 Step-by-step examples.pdf

2024-01-24T19:37:49Z

Egjieli:

File:NYBG Georeferencing 2023 Part 2 Methods and Protocols.pdf

2024-01-24T17:08:00Z

Egjieli: Egjieli uploaded a new version of File:NYBG Georeferencing 2023 Part 2 Methods and Protocols.pdf

File:NYBG Georeferencing 2023 Part 1 Introduction and Mapping Tools.pdf

2024-01-24T17:07:32Z

Egjieli: Egjieli uploaded a new version of File:NYBG Georeferencing 2023 Part 1 Introduction and Mapping Tools.pdf

Sites Module

2024-01-24T15:27:53Z

Egjieli: /* Coordinates determined by georeferencing locality */

== Overview ==

The Sites module records the physical details about a site. A site is the location of a collection event. A site record contains location details such as jurisdiction, geographic and/or political locality, elevation, size and geo-spatial information used for mapping.

== Locality Tab ==

Enter all available geographic information from the specimen label into the appropriate fields. Continent, Country, and Province/State/Territory lookup lists are up-to-date and have been locked, meaning that the values in these fields cannot be added to or edited. If a value from a label is not displaying in the drop-down list of one of these fields, the information on the label is outdated, incorrect, or the information is being placed in the incorrect field. Please alternatively enter this data into the Precise Location field.

Please enter all available location information in the Precise Location field verbatim from the label. Do not translate this information if not provided in English. Do not add notes to this field. If there is no specific locality description to be placed in the Precise Location field, please leave the field empty rather than recording “[no precise location]" or similar phrasing.

Elevation (when provided) should be entered in the Elevation (Above Sea Level) field(s); if provided in a range, the lower elevation value should be placed in the “From:” field, and the higher elevation value in the “To:” field.

If location information is provided in Township, Range, and Section format (Public Land Survey System TRS), please enter this information in the “Locality Details (cont.)” section, ensuring that letters "T", "R", and "S" are included as the prefix before appropriate value/direction (i.e. T10S, R23E, S12). This information is important to capture and can be translated into Latitude Longitude coordinates using a coordinate conversion calculator.

[[File:Sites locality tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed Locality tab of a Sites record.]]

''Example of a filled-out Locality tab''

See also [[Geography Exceptions to the Rule]]

== Mapping Tab ==

Location information may also be provided in UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) format, which consists of a zone, an easting value, and a northing value. UTM information should be recorded in the Mapping Tab, UTM field in this format: "UTM: zone easting northing," with spaces separating the values (i.e. “UTM: 12 0520951E 4419038N”). If datum is provided, add at the end of the string after a comma (i.e.“UTM: 12 508473E 4503556, NAD 27”). Occasionally, the zone is not provided. When this happens, please record empty brackets ("[ ]") before the easting and northing value string in the UTM field (i.e. “UTM: [ ] 0520951E 4419038N”). The easting and northing values should also be recorded in the Easting and Northing fields under the Mapping Co-ordinates section.

You may see UTM values recorded in alternate formats, such as “UTM - 508473 m.E by 4503556 m.N (Zone 12, NAD 27”). In instances like this, you should omit the "m." and delete the space between value/direction for each coordinate, and retain the datum inforamtion (NAD27) separated by a comma after the string (=“UTM: 12 508473E 4503556, NAD 27”). Primary contact for questions or concerns: Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

[[File:Sites mapping tab.jpg|left|Example of how to record UTM coordinates in the Mapping tab.]]

''Recording UTM values in the Mapping tab.''

== Lat/Long Tab ==

==== Latitude Longitude Coordinates provided on label ====

If latitude and longitude coordinates are provided in decimal degrees (-22.00, -42.05) or degrees minutes seconds (22° 00' 29" S, 42° 03' 35" W), input the values in Latitude/Longitude Details field in the appropriate section, Latitude/Longitude (Dec.) or Latitude/Longitude (DMS), respectively. EMu automatically converts coordinate values between the two formats, so either format is acceptable.

[[File:Sites latlong tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed sites record when coordinates are provided on a specimen label.]]

''How to record geo-coordinates provided on a specimen label in the Lat/Long table.''

=== Coordinates determined by georeferencing locality ===

For the following fields used for metadata capture, please do your best to use one of the terms provided in the drop-down list. If you are unsure what to record, or if you need information on best practices, please contact Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

'''Determination Source:''' Source of the coordinates, or tools used by the georeferencer to locate the collection site. This includes Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, MaNIS Georeferencing Calculator, paper maps, gazetteers, etc.

'''Determination Method:''' Protocols to determine coordinates. List the georeferencing protocols followed; this is normally a reference guide (Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide, Biogeomancer Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing, etc.) or an online coordinate conversion tool if coordinates were provided on the label in a format other than decimal degrees or degrees minutes seconds.

'''Determined By:''' georeferencer's name (Parties record)

'''Determination Date:''' date (short-cut for today's date: CTRL ; )

'''Radius (Numeric):''' Uncertainty radius, in meters.

'''Units:''' m

'''Datum:''' WGS84 (datum used by Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, Bing Maps, OpenStreetMap, etc.)

'''Notes:''' Please enter concise notes on the methods and steps taken to locate coordinates and/or radial for the locality. There is a georeferencing notes template document which provides sample of georeferencing notes to be used per each locality type.

[[File:Sites georeferencing fields.jpg|left|Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record.]]

''Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record''

If unable to georeference (unable to pinpoint the locality or specimen is cultivated), this must be documented. Please include the georeferencer’s name, date, determination method (if applicable), and in the Notes field include reasoning as to why the location cannot be determined.

[[File:ScreenShot sites1.png|left|633x563px|ScreenShot sites1.png]]

For more information on georeferencing [[How to georeference collection localities]]

== Notes Tab ==

This tab is to be used sparingly. Please ensure that the information entered into this field is pertinent to the Collection Event/Catalogue record(s) associated with that specific Sites record. Please also note that this field is not for the capture of georeferencing remarks, which are to be entered in the Lat/Long tab, Notes field.

== GEOLocate Tab ==

Coming soon!

Sites Module

2024-01-24T15:25:00Z

Egjieli: /* Locality Tab */

== Overview ==

The Sites module records the physical details about a site. A site is the location of a collection event. A site record contains location details such as jurisdiction, geographic and/or political locality, elevation, size and geo-spatial information used for mapping.

== Locality Tab ==

Enter all available geographic information from the specimen label into the appropriate fields. Continent, Country, and Province/State/Territory lookup lists are up-to-date and have been locked, meaning that the values in these fields cannot be added to or edited. If a value from a label is not displaying in the drop-down list of one of these fields, the information on the label is outdated, incorrect, or the information is being placed in the incorrect field. Please alternatively enter this data into the Precise Location field.

Please enter all available location information in the Precise Location field verbatim from the label. Do not translate this information if not provided in English. Do not add notes to this field. If there is no specific locality description to be placed in the Precise Location field, please leave the field empty rather than recording “[no precise location]" or similar phrasing.

Elevation (when provided) should be entered in the Elevation (Above Sea Level) field(s); if provided in a range, the lower elevation value should be placed in the “From:” field, and the higher elevation value in the “To:” field.

If location information is provided in Township, Range, and Section format (Public Land Survey System TRS), please enter this information in the “Locality Details (cont.)” section, ensuring that letters "T", "R", and "S" are included as the prefix before appropriate value/direction (i.e. T10S, R23E, S12). This information is important to capture and can be translated into Latitude Longitude coordinates using a coordinate conversion calculator.

[[File:Sites locality tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed Locality tab of a Sites record.]]

''Example of a filled-out Locality tab''

See also [[Geography Exceptions to the Rule]]

== Mapping Tab ==

Location information may also be provided in UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) format, which consists of a zone, an easting value, and a northing value. UTM information should be recorded in the Mapping Tab, UTM field in this format: "UTM: zone easting northing," with spaces separating the values (i.e. “UTM: 12 0520951E 4419038N”). If datum is provided, add at the end of the string after a comma (i.e.“UTM: 12 508473E 4503556, NAD 27”). Occasionally, the zone is not provided. When this happens, please record empty brackets ("[ ]") before the easting and northing value string in the UTM field (i.e. “UTM: [ ] 0520951E 4419038N”). The easting and northing values should also be recorded in the Easting and Northing fields under the Mapping Co-ordinates section.

You may see UTM values recorded in alternate formats, such as “UTM - 508473 m.E by 4503556 m.N (Zone 12, NAD 27”). In instances like this, you should omit the "m." and delete the space between value/direction for each coordinate, and retain the datum inforamtion (NAD27) separated by a comma after the string (=“UTM: 12 508473E 4503556, NAD 27”). Primary contact for questions or concerns: Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

[[File:Sites mapping tab.jpg|left|Example of how to record UTM coordinates in the Mapping tab.]]

''Recording UTM values in the Mapping tab.''

== Lat/Long Tab ==

==== Latitude Longitude Coordinates provided on label ====

If latitude and longitude coordinates are provided in decimal degrees (-22.00, -42.05) or degrees minutes seconds (22° 00' 29" S, 42° 03' 35" W), input the values in Latitude/Longitude Details field in the appropriate section, Latitude/Longitude (Dec.) or Latitude/Longitude (DMS), respectively. EMu automatically converts coordinate values between the two formats, so either format is acceptable.

[[File:Sites latlong tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed sites record when coordinates are provided on a specimen label.]]

''How to record geo-coordinates provided on a specimen label in the Lat/Long table.''

=== Coordinates determined by georeferencing locality ===

For the following fields used for metadata capture, please do your best to use one of the terms provided in the drop-down list. If you are unsure what to record, or if you need information on best practices, please contact Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

'''Determination Source:''' Source of the coordinates, or tools used by the georeferencer to locate the collection site. This includes Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, MaNIS Georeferencing Calculator, paper maps, gazetteers, etc.

'''Determination Method:''' Protocols to determine coordinates. List the georeferencing protocols followed; this is normally a reference guide (Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide, Biogeomancer Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing, etc.) or an online coordinate conversion tool if coordinates were provided on the label in a format other than decimal degrees or degrees minutes seconds.

'''Determined By:''' georeferencer's name (Parties record)

'''Determination Date:''' date (short-cut for today's date: CTRL ; )

'''Radius (Numeric):''' Uncertainty radius, in meters.

'''Units:''' m

'''Datum:''' WGS84 (datum used by Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, Bing Maps, OpenStreetMap, etc.)

'''Notes:''' Please enter concise notes on the methods and steps taken to locate coordinates and/or radial for the locality. There is a georeferencing notes template document which provides sample of georeferencing notes to be used per each locality type.

[[File:Sites georeferencing fields.jpg|left|Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record.]]

''Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record''

If unable to georeference (unable to pinpoint the locality or specimen is cultivated), this must be documented. Please include the georeferencer’s name, date, determination method (if applicable), and in the Notes field include reasoning as to why the location cannot be determined.

[[File:ScreenShot sites1.png|left|633x563px|ScreenShot sites1.png]]

== Notes Tab ==

This tab is to be used sparingly. Please ensure that the information entered into this field is pertinent to the Collection Event/Catalogue record(s) associated with that specific Sites record. Please also note that this field is not for the capture of georeferencing remarks, which are to be entered in the Lat/Long tab, Notes field.

== GEOLocate Tab ==

Coming soon!

Sites Module

2024-01-24T15:19:01Z

Egjieli: /* Coordinates provided on label */

== Overview ==

The Sites module records the physical details about a site. A site is the location of a collection event. A site record contains location details such as jurisdiction, geographic and/or political locality, elevation, size and geo-spatial information used for mapping.

== Locality Tab ==

Enter all available geographic information from the specimen label into the appropriate field. Continent, Country, and Province/State/Territory lookup lists are up-to-date and have been locked, meaning that the values in these fields cannot be added to or edited. If a value from a label is not displaying in the drop-down list of one of these fields, the information on the label is outdated, incorrect, or the information is being placed in the incorrect field. Please alternatively enter this data into the Precise Location field (do not omit the data as it needs to be captured). If there is no specific locality description to be placed in the Precise Location field, leave the field empty rather than recording “[no precise location]" or a variation of that phrase in brackets as it is not standard practice. Elevation (when provided) should be entered in the Elevation (Above Sea Level) field(s); if provided in a range, the lower elevation value should be placed in the “From:” field, and the higher elevation value in the “To:” field. Sometimes location information is provided in Township, Range, and Section (TRS) format; place that information in the Locality Details section (below Elevation), ensuring that letters "T", "R", and "S" are included as the prefix before appropriate value/direction (i.e. T10S, R23E, S12).

[[File:Sites locality tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed Locality tab of a Sites record.]]

''Example of a filled-out Locality tab''

See also [[Geography Exceptions to the Rule]]

== Mapping Tab ==

Location information may also be provided in UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) format, which consists of a zone, an easting value, and a northing value. UTM information should be recorded in the Mapping Tab, UTM field in this format: "UTM: zone easting northing," with spaces separating the values (i.e. “UTM: 12 0520951E 4419038N”). If datum is provided, add at the end of the string after a comma (i.e.“UTM: 12 508473E 4503556, NAD 27”). Occasionally, the zone is not provided. When this happens, please record empty brackets ("[ ]") before the easting and northing value string in the UTM field (i.e. “UTM: [ ] 0520951E 4419038N”). The easting and northing values should also be recorded in the Easting and Northing fields under the Mapping Co-ordinates section.

You may see UTM values recorded in alternate formats, such as “UTM - 508473 m.E by 4503556 m.N (Zone 12, NAD 27”). In instances like this, you should omit the "m." and delete the space between value/direction for each coordinate, and retain the datum inforamtion (NAD27) separated by a comma after the string (=“UTM: 12 508473E 4503556, NAD 27”). Primary contact for questions or concerns: Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

[[File:Sites mapping tab.jpg|left|Example of how to record UTM coordinates in the Mapping tab.]]

''Recording UTM values in the Mapping tab.''

== Lat/Long Tab ==

==== Latitude Longitude Coordinates provided on label ====

If latitude and longitude coordinates are provided in decimal degrees (-22.00, -42.05) or degrees minutes seconds (22° 00' 29" S, 42° 03' 35" W), input the values in Latitude/Longitude Details field in the appropriate section, Latitude/Longitude (Dec.) or Latitude/Longitude (DMS), respectively. EMu automatically converts coordinate values between the two formats, so either format is acceptable.

[[File:Sites latlong tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed sites record when coordinates are provided on a specimen label.]]

''How to record geo-coordinates provided on a specimen label in the Lat/Long table.''

=== Coordinates determined by georeferencing locality ===

For the following fields used for metadata capture, please do your best to use one of the terms provided in the drop-down list. If you are unsure what to record, or if you need information on best practices, please contact Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

'''Determination Source:''' Source of the coordinates, or tools used by the georeferencer to locate the collection site. This includes Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, MaNIS Georeferencing Calculator, paper maps, gazetteers, etc.

'''Determination Method:''' Protocols to determine coordinates. List the georeferencing protocols followed; this is normally a reference guide (Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide, Biogeomancer Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing, etc.) or an online coordinate conversion tool if coordinates were provided on the label in a format other than decimal degrees or degrees minutes seconds.

'''Determined By:''' georeferencer's name (Parties record)

'''Determination Date:''' date (short-cut for today's date: CTRL ; )

'''Radius (Numeric):''' Uncertainty radius, in meters.

'''Units:''' m

'''Datum:''' WGS84 (datum used by Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, Bing Maps, OpenStreetMap, etc.)

'''Notes:''' Please enter concise notes on the methods and steps taken to locate coordinates and/or radial for the locality. There is a georeferencing notes template document which provides sample of georeferencing notes to be used per each locality type.

[[File:Sites georeferencing fields.jpg|left|Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record.]]

''Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record''

If unable to georeference (unable to pinpoint the locality or specimen is cultivated), this must be documented. Please include the georeferencer’s name, date, determination method (if applicable), and in the Notes field include reasoning as to why the location cannot be determined.

[[File:ScreenShot sites1.png|left|633x563px|ScreenShot sites1.png]]

== Notes Tab ==

This tab is to be used sparingly. Please ensure that the information entered into this field is pertinent to the Collection Event/Catalogue record(s) associated with that specific Sites record. Please also note that this field is not for the capture of georeferencing remarks, which are to be entered in the Lat/Long tab, Notes field.

== GEOLocate Tab ==

Coming soon!

Sites Module

2024-01-24T15:17:54Z

Egjieli:

== Overview ==

The Sites module records the physical details about a site. A site is the location of a collection event. A site record contains location details such as jurisdiction, geographic and/or political locality, elevation, size and geo-spatial information used for mapping.

== Locality Tab ==

Enter all available geographic information from the specimen label into the appropriate field. Continent, Country, and Province/State/Territory lookup lists are up-to-date and have been locked, meaning that the values in these fields cannot be added to or edited. If a value from a label is not displaying in the drop-down list of one of these fields, the information on the label is outdated, incorrect, or the information is being placed in the incorrect field. Please alternatively enter this data into the Precise Location field (do not omit the data as it needs to be captured). If there is no specific locality description to be placed in the Precise Location field, leave the field empty rather than recording “[no precise location]" or a variation of that phrase in brackets as it is not standard practice. Elevation (when provided) should be entered in the Elevation (Above Sea Level) field(s); if provided in a range, the lower elevation value should be placed in the “From:” field, and the higher elevation value in the “To:” field. Sometimes location information is provided in Township, Range, and Section (TRS) format; place that information in the Locality Details section (below Elevation), ensuring that letters "T", "R", and "S" are included as the prefix before appropriate value/direction (i.e. T10S, R23E, S12).

[[File:Sites locality tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed Locality tab of a Sites record.]]

''Example of a filled-out Locality tab''

See also [[Geography Exceptions to the Rule]]

== Mapping Tab ==

Location information may also be provided in UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) format, which consists of a zone, an easting value, and a northing value. UTM information should be recorded in the Mapping Tab, UTM field in this format: "UTM: zone easting northing," with spaces separating the values (i.e. “UTM: 12 0520951E 4419038N”). If datum is provided, add at the end of the string after a comma (i.e.“UTM: 12 508473E 4503556, NAD 27”). Occasionally, the zone is not provided. When this happens, please record empty brackets ("[ ]") before the easting and northing value string in the UTM field (i.e. “UTM: [ ] 0520951E 4419038N”). The easting and northing values should also be recorded in the Easting and Northing fields under the Mapping Co-ordinates section.

You may see UTM values recorded in alternate formats, such as “UTM - 508473 m.E by 4503556 m.N (Zone 12, NAD 27”). In instances like this, you should omit the "m." and delete the space between value/direction for each coordinate, and retain the datum inforamtion (NAD27) separated by a comma after the string (=“UTM: 12 508473E 4503556, NAD 27”). Primary contact for questions or concerns: Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

[[File:Sites mapping tab.jpg|left|Example of how to record UTM coordinates in the Mapping tab.]]

''Recording UTM values in the Mapping tab.''

== Lat/Long Tab ==

==== Coordinates provided on label ====

If latitude and longitude coordinates are provided in decimal degrees (-22.00, -42.05) or degrees minutes seconds (22° 00' 29" S, 42° 03' 35" W), input the values in Latitude/Longitude Details field in the appropriate section, Latitude/Longitude (Dec.) or Latitude/Longitude (DMS), respectively. EMu automatically converts coordinate values between the two formats, so either format is acceptable. If location information is provided in Township, Range, and Section format (Public Land Survey System TRS), please enter this information in the “Locality Details (cont.)” section in the Locality Tab; this information is important to capture and can be translated into decimal degrees using a coordinate conversion calculator.

[[File:Sites latlong tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed sites record when coordinates are provided on a specimen label.]]

''How to record geo-coordinates provided on a specimen label in the Lat/Long table.''

=== Coordinates determined by georeferencing locality ===

For the following fields used for metadata capture, please do your best to use one of the terms provided in the drop-down list. If you are unsure what to record, or if you need information on best practices, please contact Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

'''Determination Source:''' Source of the coordinates, or tools used by the georeferencer to locate the collection site. This includes Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, MaNIS Georeferencing Calculator, paper maps, gazetteers, etc.

'''Determination Method:''' Protocols to determine coordinates. List the georeferencing protocols followed; this is normally a reference guide (Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide, Biogeomancer Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing, etc.) or an online coordinate conversion tool if coordinates were provided on the label in a format other than decimal degrees or degrees minutes seconds.

'''Determined By:''' georeferencer's name (Parties record)

'''Determination Date:''' date (short-cut for today's date: CTRL ; )

'''Radius (Numeric):''' Uncertainty radius, in meters.

'''Units:''' m

'''Datum:''' WGS84 (datum used by Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, Bing Maps, OpenStreetMap, etc.)

'''Notes:''' Please enter concise notes on the methods and steps taken to locate coordinates and/or radial for the locality. There is a georeferencing notes template document which provides sample of georeferencing notes to be used per each locality type.

[[File:Sites georeferencing fields.jpg|left|Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record.]]

''Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record''

If unable to georeference (unable to pinpoint the locality or specimen is cultivated), this must be documented. Please include the georeferencer’s name, date, determination method (if applicable), and in the Notes field include reasoning as to why the location cannot be determined.

[[File:ScreenShot sites1.png|left|633x563px|ScreenShot sites1.png]]

== Notes Tab ==

This tab is to be used sparingly. Please ensure that the information entered into this field is pertinent to the Collection Event/Catalogue record(s) associated with that specific Sites record. Please also note that this field is not for the capture of georeferencing remarks, which are to be entered in the Lat/Long tab, Notes field.

== GEOLocate Tab ==

Coming soon!

Sites Module

2024-01-24T15:11:45Z

Egjieli:

== Overview ==

The Sites module records the physical details about a site. A site is the location of a collection event. A site record contains location details such as jurisdiction, geographic and/or political locality, elevation, size and geo-spatial information used for mapping.

== Locality Tab ==

Enter all available geographic information from the specimen label into the appropriate field. Continent, Country, and Province/State/Territory lookup lists are up-to-date and have been locked, meaning that the values in these fields cannot be added to or edited. If a value from a label is not displaying in the drop-down list of one of these fields, the information on the label is outdated, incorrect, or the information is being placed in the incorrect field. Please alternatively enter this data into the Precise Location field (do not omit the data as it needs to be captured). If there is no specific locality description to be placed in the Precise Location field, leave the field empty rather than recording “[no precise location]" or a variation of that phrase in brackets as it is not standard practice. Elevation (when provided) should be entered in the Elevation (Above Sea Level) field(s); if provided in a range, the lower elevation value should be placed in the “From:” field, and the higher elevation value in the “To:” field. Sometimes location information is provided in Township, Range, and Section (TRS) format; place that information in the Locality Details section (below Elevation), ensuring that letters "T", "R", and "S" are included as the prefix before appropriate value/direction (i.e. T10S, R23E, S12).

[[File:Sites locality tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed Locality tab of a Sites record.]]

''Example of a filled-out Locality tab''

See also [[Geography Exceptions to the Rule]]

== Mapping Tab ==

Location information may also be provided in UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) format, which consists of a zone, an easting value, and a northing value. UTM information should be recorded in the Mapping Tab, UTM field in this format: "UTM: zone easting northing," with spaces separating the values (i.e. “UTM: 12 0520951E 4419038N”). If datum is provided, add at the end of the string after a comma (i.e.“UTM: 12 508473E 4503556, NAD 27”). Occasionally, the zone is not provided. When this happens, please record empty brackets ("[ ]") before the easting and northing value string in the UTM field (i.e. “UTM: [ ] 0520951E 4419038N”). The easting and northing values should also be recorded in the Easting and Northing fields under the Mapping Co-ordinates section.

You may see UTM values recorded in alternate formats, such as “UTM - 508473 m.E by 4503556 m.N (Zone 12, NAD 27”). In instances like this, you should omit the "m." and delete the space between value/direction for each coordinate, and retain the datum inforamtion (NAD27) separated by a comma after the string (=“UTM: 12 508473E 4503556, NAD 27”). Primary contact for questions or concerns: Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

[[File:Sites mapping tab.jpg|left|Example of how to record UTM coordinates in the Mapping tab.]]

''Recording UTM values in the Mapping tab.''

== Lat/Long Tab ==

==== Coordinates provided on label ====

If latitude and longitude coordinates are provided in decimal degrees (-22.00, -42.05) or degrees minutes seconds (22° 00' 29" S, 42° 03' 35" W), input the values in Latitude/Longitude Details field in the appropriate area. EMu automatically converts coordinate values between the two formats, so either format is acceptable. If coordinates are provided in Township, Range, and Section format (TRS), please enter in the “Locality Details (cont.)” section in the Locality Tab (as discussed previously); this information can be translated into decimal degrees using a coordinate conversion calculator at a later time.

[[File:Sites latlong tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed sites record when coordinates are provided on a specimen label.]]

''How to record geo-coordinates provided on a specimen label in the Lat/Long table.''

=== Coordinates determined by georeferencing locality ===

For the following fields used for metadata capture, please do your best to use one of the terms provided in the drop-down list. If you are unsure what to record, or if you need information on best practices, please contact Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

'''Determination Source:''' Source of the coordinates, or tools used by the georeferencer to locate the collection site. This includes Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, MaNIS Georeferencing Calculator, paper maps, gazetteers, etc.

'''Determination Method:''' Protocols to determine coordinates. List the georeferencing protocols followed; this is normally a reference guide (Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide, Biogeomancer Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing, etc.) or an online coordinate conversion tool if coordinates were provided on the label in a format other than decimal degrees or degrees minutes seconds.

'''Determined By:''' georeferencer's name (Parties record)

'''Determination Date:''' date (short-cut for today's date: CTRL ; )

'''Radius (Numeric):''' Uncertainty radius, in meters.

'''Units:''' m

'''Datum:''' WGS84 (datum used by Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, Bing Maps, OpenStreetMap, etc.)

'''Notes:''' Please enter concise notes on the methods and steps taken to locate coordinates and/or radial for the locality. There is a georeferencing notes template document which provides sample of georeferencing notes to be used per each locality type.

[[File:Sites georeferencing fields.jpg|left|Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record.]]

''Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record''

If unable to georeference (unable to pinpoint the locality or specimen is cultivated), this must be documented. Please include the georeferencer’s name, date, determination method (if applicable), and in the Notes field include reasoning as to why the location cannot be determined.

[[File:ScreenShot sites1.png|left|633x563px|ScreenShot sites1.png]]

== Notes Tab ==

This tab is to be used sparingly. Please ensure that the information entered into this field is pertinent to the Collection Event/Catalogue record(s) associated with that specific Sites record. Please also note that this field is not for the capture of georeferencing remarks, which are to be entered in the Lat/Long tab, Notes field.

== GEOLocate Tab ==

Coming soon!

Sites Module

2024-01-24T15:11:28Z

Egjieli:

== Overview ==

The Sites module records the physical details about a site. A site is the location of a collection event. A site record contains location details such as jurisdiction, geographic and / or political locality, elevation, size and geo-spatial information used for mapping.

== Locality Tab ==

Enter all available geographic information from the specimen label into the appropriate field. Continent, Country, and Province/State/Territory lookup lists are up-to-date and have been locked, meaning that the values in these fields cannot be added to or edited. If a value from a label is not displaying in the drop-down list of one of these fields, the information on the label is outdated, incorrect, or the information is being placed in the incorrect field. Please alternatively enter this data into the Precise Location field (do not omit the data as it needs to be captured). If there is no specific locality description to be placed in the Precise Location field, leave the field empty rather than recording “[no precise location]" or a variation of that phrase in brackets as it is not standard practice. Elevation (when provided) should be entered in the Elevation (Above Sea Level) field(s); if provided in a range, the lower elevation value should be placed in the “From:” field, and the higher elevation value in the “To:” field. Sometimes location information is provided in Township, Range, and Section (TRS) format; place that information in the Locality Details section (below Elevation), ensuring that letters "T", "R", and "S" are included as the prefix before appropriate value/direction (i.e. T10S, R23E, S12).

[[File:Sites locality tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed Locality tab of a Sites record.]]

''Example of a filled-out Locality tab''

See also [[Geography Exceptions to the Rule]]

== Mapping Tab ==

Location information may also be provided in UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) format, which consists of a zone, an easting value, and a northing value. UTM information should be recorded in the Mapping Tab, UTM field in this format: "UTM: zone easting northing," with spaces separating the values (i.e. “UTM: 12 0520951E 4419038N”). If datum is provided, add at the end of the string after a comma (i.e.“UTM: 12 508473E 4503556, NAD 27”). Occasionally, the zone is not provided. When this happens, please record empty brackets ("[ ]") before the easting and northing value string in the UTM field (i.e. “UTM: [ ] 0520951E 4419038N”). The easting and northing values should also be recorded in the Easting and Northing fields under the Mapping Co-ordinates section.

You may see UTM values recorded in alternate formats, such as “UTM - 508473 m.E by 4503556 m.N (Zone 12, NAD 27”). In instances like this, you should omit the "m." and delete the space between value/direction for each coordinate, and retain the datum inforamtion (NAD27) separated by a comma after the string (=“UTM: 12 508473E 4503556, NAD 27”). Primary contact for questions or concerns: Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

[[File:Sites mapping tab.jpg|left|Example of how to record UTM coordinates in the Mapping tab.]]

''Recording UTM values in the Mapping tab.''

== Lat/Long Tab ==

==== Coordinates provided on label ====

If latitude and longitude coordinates are provided in decimal degrees (-22.00, -42.05) or degrees minutes seconds (22° 00' 29" S, 42° 03' 35" W), input the values in Latitude/Longitude Details field in the appropriate area. EMu automatically converts coordinate values between the two formats, so either format is acceptable. If coordinates are provided in Township, Range, and Section format (TRS), please enter in the “Locality Details (cont.)” section in the Locality Tab (as discussed previously); this information can be translated into decimal degrees using a coordinate conversion calculator at a later time.

[[File:Sites latlong tab.jpg|left|Example of a completed sites record when coordinates are provided on a specimen label.]]

''How to record geo-coordinates provided on a specimen label in the Lat/Long table.''

=== Coordinates determined by georeferencing locality ===

For the following fields used for metadata capture, please do your best to use one of the terms provided in the drop-down list. If you are unsure what to record, or if you need information on best practices, please contact Liz Gjieli, egjieli@nybg.org.

'''Determination Source:''' Source of the coordinates, or tools used by the georeferencer to locate the collection site. This includes Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, MaNIS Georeferencing Calculator, paper maps, gazetteers, etc.

'''Determination Method:''' Protocols to determine coordinates. List the georeferencing protocols followed; this is normally a reference guide (Georeferencing Quick Reference Guide, Biogeomancer Guide to Best Practices for Georeferencing, etc.) or an online coordinate conversion tool if coordinates were provided on the label in a format other than decimal degrees or degrees minutes seconds.

'''Determined By:''' georeferencer's name (Parties record)

'''Determination Date:''' date (short-cut for today's date: CTRL ; )

'''Radius (Numeric):''' Uncertainty radius, in meters.

'''Units:''' m

'''Datum:''' WGS84 (datum used by Google Maps, Google Earth, GeoLocate, Bing Maps, OpenStreetMap, etc.)

'''Notes:''' Please enter concise notes on the methods and steps taken to locate coordinates and/or radial for the locality. There is a georeferencing notes template document which provides sample of georeferencing notes to be used per each locality type.

[[File:Sites georeferencing fields.jpg|left|Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record.]]

''Example of a completed georeferenced Sites record''

If unable to georeference (unable to pinpoint the locality or specimen is cultivated), this must be documented. Please include the georeferencer’s name, date, determination method (if applicable), and in the Notes field include reasoning as to why the location cannot be determined.

[[File:ScreenShot sites1.png|left|633x563px|ScreenShot sites1.png]]

== Notes Tab ==

This tab is to be used sparingly. Please ensure that the information entered into this field is pertinent to the Collection Event/Catalogue record(s) associated with that specific Sites record. Please also note that this field is not for the capture of georeferencing remarks, which are to be entered in the Lat/Long tab, Notes field.

== GEOLocate Tab ==

Coming soon!

Geography Exceptions to the Rule

2024-01-24T15:10:44Z

Egjieli:

== Mismatched Geography Hierarchy in EMu ==

'''Azores''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Bermuda''': country in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: North America (sometimes miscategorized in West Indies)

'''Islas Canarias (Canary Islands)''': autonomous archipelago of Spain situated in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Spain

'''Easter Island (Rapa Nui, Isla de Pascua)''': island and special territory of Chile in the southeastern Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not South America), Country: Chile

'''Hawaii''': state of the United States of America situated in the Pacific Ocean. Continent: Oceania (not North America), Country: United States of America

'''Madeira''': autonomous archipelago of Portugal situated in Macaronesia in the North Atlantic Ocean. Continent: Africa (not Europe), Country: Portugal

'''Trinidad and Tobago''': the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Continent: South America (not West Indies)

== Important Hierarchical Variations to Note ==

'''United Kingdom''': Province/state level (primary administrative subdivision) does not match Statoids provided list. Province/state list values consists of the four countries of the United Kingdom: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, which deviates from the primary administrative division list provided by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ugb.html). The primary administrative division list for the U.K. provided by Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/ugb.html) was incorporated as the secondary administrative division values in EMu, by country.

'''Brazil''': District/county list values (secondary administrative subdivision) in EMu do not match Statoids provided "Microregions" (http://www.statoids.com/ybr.html). Microregions "...have no administrative function; they were defined by the federal government for purposes of convenience" (Law, 2007). Alternatively, the secondary administrative units (municipalities) were gathered from the Wikipedia page "List of Municipalities of Brazil," according to State (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Brazil).

'''Puerto Rico''': As a commonwealth associated with the United States, there are no first-level administrative subdivisions as defined by the U.S. government. The second-level administrative subdivisions are municipios (https://welcome.topuertorico.org/government.shtml#:~:text=Administrative%20Divisions%20None%20%28Commonwealth%20associated%20with%20the%20U.S.%29%3B,The%20mayor%20appoints%20a%20secretary-auditor%20and%20a%20treasurer). For our intents and purposes, we cite the second-level administrative subdivisions as the first-level, listing the municipios as the State/Province for the country, and use the third-level administrative areas (barrios) as the secondary political subdivisions, as “the barrios of Puerto Rico are the primary legal divisions of the seventy-eight municipalities of Puerto Rico” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_of_Puerto_Rico). This is also in agreement with Statoids (http://www.statoids.com/upr.html) although Statoids does not provide the list of barrios.

'''Belgium''': The technical first-level administrative subdivisions of Belgium are the regions (3): Flanders (Dutch-speaking region), Wallonia (French-speaking region), and Brussels (bilingual Dutch and French), which are then subdivided into provinces. For our intents and purposes, we cite the second-level administrative subdivision (province) as the first-level. Arrondissements are the next sequential administrative level between province and municipality (cited by Statoids as the second-level administrative subdivision, http://www.statoids.com/ybe.html), but we will be referencing municipalities of the provinces as the second-level administrative division.

== Non-exhaustive list of historical country names in relation to present-day names ==

Please email egjieli@nybg.org if you come across other terms that should be added to this list.

'''Abyssinia''' = Ethiopia

'''Annam''' = Vietnam (colonial French term)

'''Bohemia''' = Czech Republic

'''British Honduras''' = Belize

'''British Guiana''' = Guyana

'''British North Borneo''' = Malaysia

'''Burma''' = Myanmar

'''Ceylon''' = Sri Lanka

'''Formosa''' = Taiwan

'''French Indochina''' = Vietnam

'''Hispanola''' = divided politically into Haiti (west) and the Dominican Republic (east)

'''Macedonia''' = North Macedonia

'''Moravia''' = Czech Republic

'''New Granada''' = region consisting of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela

'''New Holland''' = Australia

'''Northern Rhodesia''' = Zambia

'''Persia''' = Iran

'''Siam''' = Thailand

'''Southern Rhodesia''' = Zimbabwe

'''Yugoslavia''' = region consisting of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and Slovenia

'''Zaire''' = Democratic Republic of the Congo