[irn: 28613]

Authority

Andersson, Lennart. 1998. A revision of the genus (Rubiaceae--Cinchoneae). Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 80: 1-75.

Family

Rubiaceae

Scientific Name

Cinchona calisaya Wedd.

Description

Species Description - Shrub, sometimes lianescent, or tree to 15 m tall. Young branches sparsely puberulous to ± densely hirtellous, often ± glabrescent. Stipules very shortly fused across petioles at base, 1.1-2.1 X 0.4-0.6 cm, ± tongue-shaped, glabrous to ± puberulous or hirtellous; petioles 0.5-3.1 cm long, glabrous to ± densely puberulous or hirtellous; leaf blade ± chartaceous when dry, 6.3-19 X 2-8.7(-11) cm, elliptic or oblong to obovate or ovate [length:width ratio (1.4-)1.7-3.8(-4.5)], usually rounded to obtuse at apex, rarely acute or ± acuminate, cuneate or attenuate at base, secondary veins 7-9 pairs, ± level above, prominent beneath, tertiary veins level to ± impressed above, level to prominulous beneath, adaxial surface matte, glabrous, abaxial surface glabrous, or sparsely puberulous to ± densely hirtellous on midrib and veins, intervenous surface glabrous or sparsely minutely puberulous to ± densely hirtellous, usually with distinct pit or cave domatia but domatia mostly lacking in leaves that are densely hirtellous beneath, when present best developed in distal vein and veinlet axils. Calyx 0.8-2(-3.3) mm, with triangular lobes 0.3-0.9(-1.7) mm long, outside sparsely to rather densely puberulous, inside glabrous, or (usually) ± puberulous toward base, usually without colleters, sometimes with solitary or paired colleters at sinuses; corolla white to pinkish or purplish, tube (5.1-)8-13 mm, glabrous inside, lobes (2.3-)3.5-6.3 mm; stamens attached 2.3-4.5 mm (30-40% of tube length) above base of corolla tube in short-styled flowers, 1.3-4.7 mm (20-40% of tube length) in long-styled ones, filaments (2.5-)3.5-6.7 mm in short-styled flowers, (0.4-)0.8-l.5 mm in long-styled ones, anthers (2.5-)4-5.3 X 0.4-1.1 mm; style (1.3-) 1.8-3.1 mm in short-styled flowers, (4.6-)8—11 (-14) mm in long-styled ones, glabrous, stigma branches 1.7-3.9 mm, ovary 1.5-2.2 X 1-2 mm, densely sericeous, disk glabrous to (usually) sparsely hirtellous. Capsules 5-25(-31) X 3-8 mm, acropetally dehiscent, endocarp chartaceous, 0.1-0.2 mm thick. Seeds irregularly elliptic, 3.3-7.1(-10) X 1.6-2.4(-3.7) mm, wing margin strongly dentate to (usually) ± fimbriate, at least in basiscopic part.

Discussion

Type. Peru. Puno: “Vallée de Tambopata-Prov. de Carabaya,” Weddell 4347 (lectotype, P, designated here; isolectotypes, P, P-JU 9915). Cinchona amygdalifolia Wedd., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. III. 10: 6. 1848. Type. Peru. Puno: “Prov. de Carabaya-Perou / Vallée de Tambopata,” 1847, Weddell 4348 (lectotype, P, designated here; isolectotypes, L, P-JU 9908; possible isolectotypes, G, K). Cinchona australis Wedd., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. III, 10: 7. 1848. Type. Bolivia. “Prov. de la Cordillera,” Weddell 3609 (lectotype, P, designated here; isolectotypes, K, P, P-JU 9919). Cinchona delondriana Wedd., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. III, 10: 7. 1848; Cinchona scrobiculata [var.] delondriana (Wedd.) Wedd., Hist. Nat. Quinquinas 42. 1848. Type. Peru. Cuzco: “Vallée de S. Ana,” Aug 1847, Weddell s.n. (lectotype, P, designated here). Cinchona carabayensis Wedd., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. III, 10: 9. 1848; Quinquina carabayensis (Wedd.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 295. 1891. Type. Peru. Puno: “Montagnes au dessus de San Juan del Oro, prov. de Carabaya,” Weddell 4362 (specimen marked as “type,” P; lectotype designated here; isolectotypes, P, P-JU 9910, L 908.212-662). Cinchona calisaya [var.] josephiana Wedd., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. III, 11: 269, Hist. Nat. Quinquinas 31. 1849; Cinchona josephiana (Wedd.) Wedd., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. V, 11: 361. 1869. Type. Bolivia. La Paz: “Prov. de Yungas,” “Tipoani,” Dec. 1846, Weddell 4351 (lectotype, P, designated here; isolectotypes, P, P-JU 9915). Cinchona peruviana Howard, 111. Nueva Quinol. Pav. t. [27], 1862, non (Humb. & Bonpl.) Poir. in Lam. 1816, nec Mutis in Sm. 1821; Cinchona peruviana [var.] vera Howard, Proc. Internad. Horde. Exhib. Bot. Congr. London 205. 1866. Type. Peru. Huánuco: "gathered by Pritchett in 1860 near Cuchero, Huanuco (J.E. Howard)" (lectotype, K, designated here; isolectotypes, L, P). Cinchona pahudiana Howard, Nueva Quinol. Pav. t. [21]. 1862. Type. Peru. Junín: “in Peruviae centr. orient, prov. Jauja prope Uchubamba alt. 6000 [ft.] leg. 1853,” Hasskarl s.n. (lectotype, W, designated here). Cinchona euneura Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 4: 265. 1868-1869. Type. Peru. Puno: “ad oras Rio Grande provinciae Carabaya m. Novembris 1853,” Hasskarl s.n. (lectotype, L 952.99 550, designated here). Cinchona hasskarliana Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 4: 266. 1868-1869. Type. Peru. Puno: Prov. Carabaya, Hasskarl s.n. (not located). Cinchona carabayensis [var.] lanceolata Miq., Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 4: 270. 1868-1869. Type. Unknown. Cinchona forbesiana Howard in Wedd., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. V, 12: 36 (1869). Type. Bolivia. La Paz: Prov. Larecaja, mouth of Río Mapiri, D. Forbes (not traced). Cinchona calisaya [var.] microcarpa Wedd., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. V, 12: 54. 1869. Type. Bolivia. La Paz: “Prov. de Yungas, Ravine de Coroico,” Weddell 1861 (P syntypes). Cinchona calisaya [var.] boliviana Wedd., Ann. Sci. Nat. V Bot. 12: 55. 1869. Type. Bolivia. La Paz: Coroico, 1851, Weddell s.n. (syntypes, P). Cinchona calisaya [var.] oblongifolia Wedd., Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. V, 12: 57. 1869. Type. Bolivia. La Paz: “Ravine de Coroico,” Weddell 1851 (lectotype, P, designated here; isolectotype, P). Cinchona calisaya var. ledgeriana Howard, Quinol. Ind. Pl. 84. 1876. Cinchona ledgeriana (Howard) Bern. Moens ex Trimen, J. Bot. 19: 323. 1881; Quinquina ledgeriana (Howard) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 295. 1891. Type. Cultivated on Java, said to have been grown from seeds from Río Mamoré, Bolivia, Moens s.n. (not located). Cinchona weddelliana Kuntze, Monogr. Cinchona 29. 1878. Type. Java. Tjirinuan, cultivated, Jul 1875, Kuntze 5369 (lectotype, NY, designated here). Cinchona weddelliana [var.] angustifolia Kuntze, Monogr. Cinchona 29. 1878. Type. Java. Tjirinuan, cultivated, Jul 1875, Kuntze 5372 (lectotype, NY, designated here). Cinchona weddelliana [var.] obtusifolia Kuntze, Monogr. Cinchona 29. 1878. Type. Java. Tjirinuan, cultivated, Jul 1875, Kuntze 5372 (lectotype, NY, designated here). Cinchona weddelliana [var.] rubrifolia Kuntze, Monogr. Cinchona 29. 1878. Type. Java. Tjirinuan, cultivated, Jul 1875, Kuntze 5373 (lectotype, NY, designated here). Cinchona weddelliana [var.] rubrivenata Kuntze, Monogr. Cinchona 29. 1878. Type. Specimen not traced. Cinchona weddelliana [var.] multiscrobiculata Kuntze, Monogr. Cinchona 29. 1878. Type. Specimen not traced. Nomenclatural notes. There is no precise locality cited in the original description of Cinchona delondriana. In the following year, at the same time as he reduced it to a variety of C. scrobiculata, Weddell (1849: 43) stated that he collected it at Santa Ana del Cuzco. Neither complete locality data nor the catalogue number 4362 occurs on all specimens of the type collection of C. carabayensis. The (?field) number 18 occurs on the unnumbered as well as some of the numbered sheets, demonstrating the unity of the collection. Cinchona pahudiana is here typified on the specimen most closely similar to Howard’s illustration. Another specimen (at P) with the same locality data approaches C. pubescens and may be a hybridogen-eous form. The name has been used for a very heterogeneous assemblage of cultivated forms. It is with some hesitation that C. peruviana Howard is included in the synonymy under C. calisaya. The lectotype is sterile but agrees with C. calisaya in having the leaf blades comparatively narrow (length:width ratio ca. 2.2, which seems to exclude C. micrantha) and with distinct pit domatia in distal vein and veinlet axils. On the other hand, the adaxial leaf surface is subnitid, and the type locality is rather far from the known distribution area of C. calisaya. The isolectotype from L has an infructescence that is not attached to the leafy branch and may not belong to the same collection. This infructescence seems also to be C. calisaya. Cinchona peruviana Howard was synonymized under C. pubescens by Standley (1936), without any justification being given. The preserved material annotated as C. euneura is not easily interpreted. It represents a form that has relatively large, thinly coriaceous leaves, which are matte above and rather densely hirtellous beneath, and that lacks domatia. Although it is most closely similar to the carabayensis morph of C. calisaya, it may represent the hybrid C. calisaya X pubescens, or a backcross with this. The specimen designated as lectotype is the only one annotated by Miquel and the only one with a label in exact agreement with the locality given in the protologue. No specimen was located that matches the protologue of C. hasskarliana with respect to locality data. There are three specimens at L, however, annotated with this name by Miquel. They all come from plantations on Java, and one is said on the label to have been grown from seeds sent by Hasskarl. They are all typical representatives of the carabayensis morph of C. calisaya. The type collection of C. forbesiana was not traced, but the original description leaves little doubt that this is C. calisaya, mentioning, e.g., “subcoriaceous” leaf blades, which are glabrous on both sides and have distict domatia (“in axillis costarum scrobiculatis”). There are four collections preserved that were collected on Java and annotated by Kuntze as C. weddelliana, without varietal designations. They all agree well with the protologue in a general way, except that three of them have the leaf blades broader than stated. The fourth and most narrow-leaved collection is hence selected as the lectotype. There are three more collections preserved that were annotated as C. weddelliana by Kuntze, all of them from Himalaya and all in lesser agreement with the protologue. Kuntze obviously did not consider his varietal designations as epithets in the same sense as the modern Code; he explicitly stated that two or more varieties may “occur” in the same plant. The varietal epithets are therefore analogous to morphological terms. However, as opposed to specific epithets, there are no provisions in the present code that would invalidate such combinations. In consequence, the varieties angustifolia and obtusifolia must both be typified by the same specimen—that is, the only extant specimen annotated by Kuntze with those epithets. Together with C. pubescens, C. calisaya has been the most commonly cultivated species and was, at the end of the 19th century, widely grown in Asia and Africa as well as in South and Central America. Vernacular names. Calisaya, calisaya morada, quina morada, quina verde (Bolivia); quineira (Brazil). Cinchona calisaya is characterized by having proportionally narrow [length:width ratio (1.4-) 1.7-3.8(-4.5)], firm-textured (chartaceous when dry) leaf blades, which are matte above, usually rounded to obtuse at apex and mostly (except when densely hairy) with distinct pit domatia in the vein axils (Fig. 4C). Domatia are best developed in the distal part of the leaf blade, as opposed to C. officinalis, where they are best developed in the proximal part. Cinchona calisaya was synonymized under C. officinalis by Standley (1931b, 1936), but, as discussed under that species, Standley’s concept of C. officinalis was untenably wide and vague. Cinchona calisaya is extremely variable in hairiness and growth habit. Part of this variation seems to be clinal in nature and related to its wide altitudinal range. Plants from high altitudes tend to be lower-growing and to have firmer-textured and hairier leaf blades. In the most densely hairy leaves domatia are mostly lacking, or at least impossible to observe in dry material. Such low-growing, hairy-leaved forms were recognized by Standley (1936b) as C. carabayensis. However, there is a perfectly continuous gradation in hairiness and morphotypes with densely hairy leaf blades known from low altitudes as well, possibly occurring there mainly in exposed and comparatively dry habitats. Part of the variation in C. calisaya is clearly related to hybridization with and introgression from C. pubescens. As discussed below, the delimitation of C. calisaya against such material is rather arbitrary. It seems, however, that hybrids are possibly not as common in nature as they are in herbaria. The bulk of collections representing intermediate forms are from Rusby in the 19th century, and they may have come from cultivated strains even if that is not obvious from the labels.

Distribution

Occurs spontaneously on the E slopes and foothills of the Andes from central Peru (Junin) to central Bolivia (Santa Cruz; Fig. 14D). Altitudinal records for presumably spontaneous material range from 200 to 3300 m. Has been collected in very moist montane forests as well as in open montane vegetation such as pajonales. Low-growing morphotypes seem to grow somewhat above the timberline.

Peru South America| Bolivia South America|