Callirhoe papaver (Cav.) A.Gray
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Authority
Dorr, Laurence J. 1990. A revision of the North American genus
(Malvaceae). Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 56: 1-74. -
Family
Malvaceae
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Scientific Name
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Type
Type. United States. Louisiana: Fontenette s.n. (holotype, P-JU, IDC microfiche No. 6206-24). Possibly communicated, rather than collected, by D. Fontenette.
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Description
Species Description - Weakly erect, ascending or decumbent perennials, 3-9.7 dm tall. Taproots narrow, fusiform, unbranched, to 2 dm long. Stems, petioles, abaxial leaf surfaces, pedicels, and calyces with fourrayed stellate hairs, the rays unequal in length, appressed. Stems 2-4(-10) per taproot; stem vestiture of four-rayed hairs, sometimes the lower part of the stem with scattered, simple hairs or glabrate. Basal and lower cauline leaves hastate, cordate, triangular or ovate, palmately 3- or 5(-7)-cleft, often pedate or rarely unlobed and crenate; leaf lobes narrowly lanceolate, linear, linearfalcate or lanceolate-falcate, the margins entire or sometimes sinuate-toothed or lobed; basal leaf blades 3- or 5(-7)-cleft, 2.9-11 cm long, 3.4-10 cm wide, abaxial surfaces covered with simple and four-rayed hairs, the latter more frequent on veins, the adaxial surfaces with scattered simple and four-rayed hairs, with petioles 7.5-25(-36) cm long, the vestiture of four-rayed and less frequently simple hairs; cauline leaf blades (1-)3-or 5-cleft, 3.5-10 cm long, 4.5-13 cm wide, the abaxial and adaxial surfaces with simple and fourrayed hairs, with petioles equal to or many times longer than the blades, (2-)4-19.5(-22) cm long, the vestiture the same as that of petioles of basal leaves. Stipules oblong, ovate or rhombic-ovate, often somewhat auriculate, 4.3-9.8(-11.9) mm long, 1.4-6.3 mm wide, abaxial surfaces glabrous, apices rounded, margins ciliate with simple hairs. Inflorescence a raceme, the flowers solitary in the axils of leaves, the pedicels widely spaced below; flowering pedicels 6-32(-38) cm long, often 2 or 3 times as long as the subtending entire or three-parted leaves or leaf-like bracts; fruiting pedicels 11-27(-32) cm long; involucel of (0-)3 narrowly linear, often keeled, bracts, the bracts 2.1-10.5 mm long, 0.1-1.7 mm wide, at least one bract inserted (0.5-)1-2 mm below the calyx, margins ciliate with simple hairs. Flowers perfect; floral buds widely ovate, 8.4-16.8(-25) mm tall, 4.4-9.1 mm broad, the apices of sepals valvate, forming a long projection, 2.8-6.3(-8.4) mm in length; calyx lobes lanceolate, 7-15.4 mm tall, 2.8-5.2 mm wide, the abaxial surfaces and margins slightly to densely hispid with simple hairs to 3 mm long, clustered on veins and along margins and with four-rayed appressed hairs towards the apices of lobes, the lobes somewhat attenuate; petals vinaceous or deep red, 2.2-4 cm long, (1.5-)2.5-3.5 cm wide, the apices erosedenticulate; staminal column 8.4-15.4 mm long, upper 2/3- 4/5 of column antheriferous, lower 1/5-1/3 sparsely pubescent with 2-4-rayed hyaline hairs; anther sacs red or purple; stigmata red or pink. Fruit 7.7-11.2 mm in diameter; mericarps 12-19(-21), ovate to subreniform, 2.8-4.2 mm tall, 2.1-3.5 mm wide, indehiscent, the backs and upper side-margins rugose, glabrous, the sides indurate, reticulate, the beaks rhomboid, 0.7-1.7 mm long, sparsely strigose, the endoglossa conspicuous, the collars scarcely diflferentiated. Seeds black, reniform, 2.1-2.5 mm long, 1.5-2.1 mm wide. Self-compatible. Gametic chromosome numbers n = 28, 56.
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Discussion
Malva papaver Cavanilles, Diss. 2: 64, t. 15, f. 3. 1786. Nuttallia papaver (Cavanilles) Hooker, J. Bot. 1: 197. 1834, hom. illeg. Sesquicella papaver (Cavanilles) Alefeld, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 12: 256. 1862, nom. illeg. Figs. 1C, 2F, 4G, 5G, 7E, 20. Nuttallia papaver Graham in Hooker, Bot. Mag. II, 7: t. 3287. 1833. Type. Based on plants cultivated at the Edinburgh Botanic Garden from seeds sent from Covington, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana by Thomas Drummond in 1833 (lectotype, here designated, the plate, t. 3287, accompanying the original description). In addition to seed, Drummond also sent herbarium specimens to Hooker, then at Glasgow. In publishing this name Hooker elected to use a description prepared by Dr. Graham of Edinburgh instead of a description of his own. Graham's description and the accompanying figure were based on cultivated material for which there do not appear to be corresponding specimens at either E or K. Thus the plate, rather than Drummond's specimens from Covington, must serve as the lectotype. Malva nuttalloides Croom, Amer, J. Sci. Arts 26: 313. 1834. Nuttallia ambigua? [sic] Croom, Amer. J. Sci. Arts 26: 313. 1834, nom. illeg. (An altemate name published simultaneously with the preceding name.) Type. United States. Florida: Croom s.n. (lectotype, here designated, PH; isolectotype, NY). Croom noted that although the species he described was characterized by a three-parted involucel, some of the specimens that he sent to Thomas Nuttall lacked an involucel. Other than indicating that material was sent to Nuttall, Croom did not specify where his collections were deposited. At least part of the material sent to Nuttall is at PH, and that material has been chosen as the lectotype. It is readily identifiable since not only does it have a label in Nuttall's hand indicating that it was collected in Florida by Croom, but the flowers also lack involucels. Croom (1835) later published an emended description of Malva nuttalloides, but did not substantially alter his circumscription of the species. Nuttallia grandiflora Paxton, Paxton's Mag. Bot. 5: 217. 1838. Type. Based on plants cultivated at the nursery of Mr. Young, Epsom, England; the seed source not stated (lectotype, here designated, the unnumbered plate accompanying the original description). The characters that distinguish Callirhoe papaver from the closely related C. bushii have already been discussed (p. 57). Callirhoe papaver can be distinguished from C. involucrata by the same bud aestivation character (valvate versus distinct calyx lobes) that distinguishes C. bushii from C. involucrata. Waterfall (1951) relied upon the separation ofthe involucellar bracts from the base of the calyx to distinguish C. papaver from C. involucrata. H e claimed that in C. papaver at least one of the three involucellar bracts was removed removed from the calyx by 1-3 mm , whereas in C. involucrata the involucellar bracts were not noticeably separated from the calyx. While this relationship generally appears to be true, this character is frequently diflftcult to interpret and is not always consistent. The involucellar bracts of some collections of C. involucrata are separated rom the calyx by as much as 3 mm, and any collections of C papaver have involucellar racts 1 mm or less removed from the calyx base. One collection from east Texas (Tyler Co., Bates & Blanchard 3018), tentatively identified as Callirhoe papaver, may be a hybrid between C. papaver and C. involucrata var. lineariloba. The plants are unusual in that the leaves are three-parted and the leaf lobes are linear. The few floral buds present resemble those of C. papaver, in that the calyx lobes are valvate and setose. The habit and stem pubescence of the plants more closely resemble those of C. i. var. lineariloba. The specimens were collected in a locality that is near the eastern limit ofthe range of C. i. var. lineariloba and the western limit of C. papaver. Wide crosses, as previously discussed, are possible in Callirhoe. This collection is noteworthy, however, in that it represents what may be a rare, natural interspecific hybrid. As mentioned, populations of Callirhoe papaver are either tetraploid or octoploid. The tetraploid (n = 28) populations of C. papaver occur in Texas near the southem limit of the range of C. bushii, a species which is also tetraploid with n = 56. Coastal and Florida populations of C. papaver are octoploid with n = 56. Morphologically the tetraploid and octoploid populations of C. papaver are indistinguishable.
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Common Names
coquelicot, mauve coquelicot, poppy-mallow, woods poppy mallow
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Distribution
Distribution and ecology. Gulf Coastal Plain; local and uncommon in northern Florida, southwestern Georgia, and the Pine Hills of southern Alabama and Mississippi, more common west ofthe Mississippi River in the Sandy Hills, Eastern Timbers, and Coastal Dark Prairie of Texas and Louisiana. Pine, oak, and pine-oak flatwoods, margins of woods, dry prairies, old fields, caliche outcrops (Texas). Often in sandy or clayloam soil. Flowering March to August.
United States of America North America|