Callirhoe leiocarpa R.F.Martin

Authority

Dorr, Laurence J. 1990. A revision of the North American genus (Malvaceae). Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 56: 1-74.

Family

Malvaceae

Scientific Name

Callirhoe leiocarpa R.F.Martin

Type

Type. United States. Texas: Comal Co., N e w Braunfels. May 1851, Lindheimer 681 (lectotype, here designated, MO; isolectotypes, BM, BR, E, F, G-2 sheets, GH, K, NY, PENN, PH, US). The holotype, originally deposited at NA, has been lost and no isotypes appear to exist. Therefore, one of the paratypes has been selected as the lectotype. Figs. 1I, 2C, 3D, 4C, 5C, 7A, 12.

Description

Species Description - Erect to weakly erect annuals, rarely biennials, 0.5-9.5(-12) dm tall. Taproots slender, unbranched, to 3.5 dm long. Stems 1-7(-9) per taproot, unbranched below the inflorescence, glabrous and somewhat glaucous, or sparingly pubescent with scattered four-rayed appressed hairs. Basal and lower cauline leaves suborbicular, reniform-cordate or ovate, shallowly to deeplydeeply palmately 3-7-lobed or -cleft, often pedate; leaf lobes oblanceolate or obtruUate, apices acute, obtuse or rounded, margins entire or variously cleft; basal and lower cauline leaf blades 1-5.5(-7.5) cm long, 1-5(-8) cm wide, abaxial surfaces with four-rayed stellate hairs (rays spreading and ascending) and simple hairs, the adaxial surfaces with mostly simple hairs but also with two- and four-rayed stellate hairs, with petioles 1-8(-12.5) cm long, glabrous and somewhat glaucous or pilose or strigose with four-rayed stellate hairs; cauline leaves deeply cleft, 2-7(-9) cm long, 2-9.5 cm wide, vestiture the same as that of basal leaves, with petioles 0.7-8(-12) cm long, vestiture the same as that of petioles of basal leaves. Stipules lanceolate-ovate and lobed or strongly auricled at base, 4-7.5(-12) mm long, 1.5-9.5(-11) mm wide, apices acute, margins ciliate with simple hairs, persistent. Inflorescence a raceme, expanding upon flowering and fruiting; secondary inflorescence branches initiated in the axils of pedicels, but usually aborting; flowering pedicels spirally arranged, 2.2-13(-21) cm long, glabrous or with four-rayed stellate hairs, the rays appressed, bracts subtending pedicels to 10 mm long, 3 mm wide, resembling the stipules in shape; fruiting pedicels 2-13(-20) cm long; involucel absent. Flowers perfect or male-sterile; floral buds ovate to lanceolate-ovate, 5-10(-l 3) mm tall, 2.5-5 mm broad, apices of sepals valvate, forming an acuminate projection, 1.5-4.5 mm in length, sutures inconspicuous; calyx lobes of perfect flowers lanceolate, 4.5-11.5 mm long, 2-3.3 mm wide, abaxial surfaces glabrous or with a few simple hairs, three-veined, the veins conspicuous, apices acuminate to attenuate, those of malesterile flowers lanceolate, 4-10 mm long, 2.2-2.7 mm wide, abaxial surfaces glabrous or with a few simple hairs, three-veined, veins conspicuously ribbed, apices acuminate to attenuate; petals vinaceous or deep red, with a white basal spot, apices erose-denticulate or fimbriate, those of perfect flowers 1.5-2.3(-3.5) cm long, 0.6-2 cm wide, those of male-sterile flowers 1.1-1.6 cm long, 0.6-1.1 cm wide; staminal column of perfect flowers 7-10 mm long, upper 1/2-3/5 of column antheriferous, lower 2/5-1/2 pubescent with fourrayed hyaline hairs; anther sacs white; stigmata white, red or pink. Fruit 5.8-7 mm in diameter; mericarps 10-14, rounded to ovate, 2.8-4.3 mm tall, 1.5-2.7 mm wide, glabrous, dehiscent with the beaks splitting from above, back and upper side-margins smooth to somewhat wrinkled, the sides indurate, slightly reticulate, the beaks large, ovate, rounded or pointed, 1-2 mm long, the endoglossa conspicuous, the collars well developed, three-lobed, white and chartaceous. Seeds black, reniform to pyriform, 1.7-2 mm long, 1.2-1.5 mm wide. Self-compatible. Gametic chromosome number n = 14.

Discussion

Callirhoe pedata non (Nuttall ex Hooker) A. Gray, sensu A. Gray, Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts II, 4: 17. 1849 (Pl. fendl.), p.p., ''Callirrhoe''; A. Gray, Boston J. Nat. Hist. 6: 160. 1850 (Pl. lindheim.), p. p., "Callirrhoe"; A. Gray, Smithsonian Contr. Knowl. 3(5): 15. 1850 [1852] (Pl. Wright.), ''Callirrhoe.'' Gray, in both his Plantae Fendlerianae novi-mexicanae and Plantae Lindheimerianae, confused an annual and a perennial species. In his Plantae Wrightianae Texano-neo-mexicanae Gray explicitly excluded the basionym Nuttallia pedata Nuttall ex Hooker from his concept of this species. Callirhoe pedata (NuttaU ex Hooker) A. Gray var. minor A. Gray, Smithsonian Contr. Knowl. 5(6): 20. 1852 [ 1853] (Pl. Wright.), ''Callirrhoe." Type. United States. Texas: Val Verde Co., along the San Pedro [Devils River], 23 May 1851, Wright 879 (lectotype, here designated, GH; isolectotypes, BM, G, GH, MO, NY - 2 sheets, P, PH, US, possible isolectotype, PH). Gray ignored Wright's field numbers, assigned in their stead distribution numbers, and frequently combined and distributed under a single number two or more collections Wright had made under different field numbers, in different localities, and on different dates (Johnston, 1940). The entries in Wright's field notes (Johnston, 1940) that correspond to Gray's distribution number 879 are field numbers 185 and 186, both labelled Callirhoe and both collected on the "bottom ofthe San Pedro" on May 23, 1851. It is now impossible to tell whether these two collections represent the same locality or different localities separated by several miles. The majority ofthe isotypes, however, are similar in appearance and represent a male-sterile morph of C. leiocarpa that is characterized by small corollas. One isotype at PH is a hermaphroditic plant, and its corolla is noticeably larger than those of the other isotypes. Both sexual morphs occur within populations. Evidently Gray failed to take note ofthe corolla size difference when numbering and distributing Wright's specimens. Without additional information it is impossible to distinguish which elements from among the isotypes came from the same locality as the lectotype. Callirhoe pedata (Nuttall ex Hooker) A. Gray var. compacta Sprenger, Gartenflora 35: 313, t. 1224. 1886, ''Callirhoe." Type. Based on cultivated material (lectotype, here designated, the plate, t. 1224, accompanying Sprenger's description). Callirhoe leiocarpa is a well-marked species and it is diflficult to understand the earlier confusion regarding its identity. Superficially, plants of C. leiocarpa resemble plants of C pedata from Texas and central Oklahoma populations. However, the annual habit, auriculate stipules, aborted buds in the axils of pedicels, and unique mericarp structure separate C. leiocarpa from C. pedata and all other species in the genus. Several characters expressed in Callirhoe leiocarpa, but not in other species of Callirhoe, seem to correlate with its annual habit. Among these are the reniform-pyriform seed shape and the tendency for the mericarps to come free and fall from the fruit at maturity rather than to cohere. Callirhoe leiocarpa is self-compatible, and it is the only species that will self-pollinate without mechanical intervention. Cultivated plants behaved initially like the other species under observation (i.e., fruit would not form unless flowers were pollinated xenogamously or geitonogamously), but towards the end of a plant's life cycle, flowers self-pollinated without mechanical intervention. Presumbably this "last ditch" production of fruit is an adaptation correlated with the annual habit since otherwise the failure of insect-mediated pollination would prevent a plant from leaving any progeny. Callirhoe leiocarpa is one of three taxa in thegenus that is gynodioecious. As with the other gynodioecious taxa there is a noticeable corolla size dimorphism. Perfect flowers have petals that are significantly larger than those of male-sterile flowers. In male-sterile flowers there is also a concomitant reduction in the number of anther sacs in the staminal column. The floral dimorphism of C. leiocarpa, unlike that of C. alcaeoides, is not accompanied by a dimorphism in calyx lobe lengths. One poorly understood and perplexing phenomenon in Callirhoe leiocarpa is the presence of "precociously flowering" individuals mixed with normal individuals in certain populations. While most populations are composed solely of individuals 2.5-9.5(-12) d m tall with 1-7(-9) flowering stems per taproot, other populations also contain individuals that are 0.5-2 dm tall with only a single flowering stem. The flowers in these latter individuals are not noticeably smaller than those on larger individuals. This phenomenon must be genetically controlled since these "precociously flowering" individuals are intermixed with the normal individuals and do not segregate edaphically or, as far as can be determined, ecologically.

Common Names

Annual wine cup, tall wine cup, tall poppy mallow

Distribution

Distribution and ecology. Rolling Plains, Enid Prairies, and Wichita Mountains of westem Oklahoma, Arbuckle Mountains of south central Oklahoma, and Black Prairies, Edwards Plateau, and Nueces Plains of central and southem Texas. On the coast apparently restricted to the area south of Matagorda Bay. Reported from Elk Co., Kansas (Bare, 1979; Barkley, 1977), but specimens have not been seen. Prairies, hills, mesquite-juniper woodlands, and borders of woods and thickets; chiefly in sandy soil, but

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