Callirhoe pedata (Nutt. ex Hook.) A.Gray

Authority

Dorr, Laurence J. 1990. A revision of the North American genus (Malvaceae). Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 56: 1-74.

Family

Malvaceae

Scientific Name

Callirhoe pedata (Nutt. ex Hook.) A.Gray

Type

Type. United States. [?Arkansas:] "Prairies in the Arkansa Territory," 1819, Nuttall s.n. (lectotype, here designated, K).

Description

Species Description - Erect to weakly erect perennials, 2.5-9 dm tall. Taproots napiform or fusiform, undivided or variously branched, to 1.5 dm long. Stems (1-)2-5(-14) per taproot; stems, petioles, and pedicels glabrous and glaucous, often with a trace of simple hairs or with four-rayed stellate hairs, the rays unequal in length, appressed. Basal and cauline leaves cordate, suborbicular or ovate, crenate or 3-5-cleft or -lobed, often pedate; lobes oblanceolate to obtmllate, the apices acute or acuminate, the margins entire or 2(-3)-cleft; basal leaf blades 2.7-7.2(-16) cm long, 2.7-6.5(-12.5) cm wide, abaxial surfaces sparsely pubescent with simple trichomes, adaxial surfaces glabrate, with petioles 4.1-16 cm long, glabrous and glaucous or occasionally with simple hairs, or four-rayed stellate hairs, the rays spreading, appressed; cauline leaves 4-8(-l 1.5) cm long, 3-8(-14) cm wide, vestiture the same as that of basal leaves, with petioles 3.5-13.5 cm long, vestiture the same as that of petioles of basal leaves. Stipules linearlanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or subulate, 4.2-12.5(-15) mm long, l-3.5(-5) mm wide, persistent, abaxial surfaces glabrate, apices acuminate, margins ciliate with simple hairs to 1 mm long; those subtending upper leaves and peduncles coalescing to form bifid bracts with broad notches and divergent apices. Inflorescence a raceme, expanding upon flowering and fruiting; flowering pedicels spirally arranged, (2.5-)5-17.5(-23) cm long, greatly exceeding the sessile foliaceous entire or three-parted bracts; fruiting pedicels (1.5-)6-19 cm long; involucel absent. Flowers perfect, rarely male-sterile (in Arkansas); floral buds ovate to narrowly ovate, 6-12 mm tall, 3.1-7 mm broad, the apices of sepals valvate, forming a short, acuminate projection, 1.5-4(-6) mm in length, sutures inconspicuous; calyx lobes lanceolate, acuminate to attenuate, (4.6-)7-11(-15)mm long, 2.5-5 mm wide, the abaxial surfaces glabrous or sparsely pubescent with simple hairs, three-nerved; petals vinaceous or deep red, without a white basal spot, or less commonly petals white or intergrading shades of pink, 1.6-3.2 cm long, (0.7-)1-2.5 cm wide, apices erose-denticulate, fimbriate; staminal column 7-10 mm long, upper 3/5- 3/4 of column antheriferous, lower 1/4-2/5 pubescent with four-rayed hyaline hairs; anther sacs red or purple; stigmata red or pink. Fruit 6-7.5 mm in diameter; mericarps 10-16, rounded to subovate or subreniform, 2.7-3 mm tall, 2.5-2.8 mm wide, indehiscent, two-keeled, the backs and upper side-margins rugose, sides indurate, reticulate or alveolate, beaks short and truncate or large and rounded or coming to a point, 0.7-1.2 mm long, beaks, backs, and side-margins glabrous or pubescent with simple appressed hairs, endoglossa conspicuous, collars absent or very weakly developed. Seeds black, reniform, 2-2.3 mm long, 1.2-2 mm wide. Self-compatible. Gametic chromosome nwmhers n = 14, 15?

Discussion

"Callirrhoe." Nuttallia pedata Nuttall ex Hooker, Exot. fl. 3: 172, t. 172. 1827 [ 1825]. Sida pedata (Nuttall ex Hooker) Sprengel, Syst. veg. 4(2): 259. 1827. Malva pedata (Nuttall ex Hooker) Torrey & Gray, R. N. Amer. 1: 227. 1838. Sesquicella pedata (Nuttall ex Hooker) Alefeld, Oesterr. Bot. Z. 12: 256. 1862, nom. illeg. Hooker had several diflferent elements available to him when he described this species, including a drawing made by Nuttall that was then copied for the plate accompanying Hooker's description; living plants propagated from seed supplied by William Dick of Philadelphia; and possibly a manuscript description ofthe species provided by Nuttall. (It may be that Hooker's citation of "Nuttallia pedata, Nutt. MSS." refers to the name and not to a manuscript.) Furthermore, Hooker (1827a) indicated in a discussion of Nuttallia digitata (= Callirhoe digitata), which preceded that of N. pedata in the Exotic Flora, that he had also received specimens of N. pedata from Nuttall prior to publishing the latter name. This is especially important chronologically since there is one specimen in Hooker's Herbarium (K) that matches the published plate (t. 172) and that undoubtedly served as the model for Nuttall's drawing. This specimen is chosen as the lectotype. The sheet on which the specimen is mounted is marked "Mr. NuttaU" and 'Nuttallia pedata'' in what I assume is Hooker's hand. It otherwise lacks a label. A packet of mericarps attached to the lectotype sheet is not considered to be part ofthe lectotype since the plant drawn by Nuttall is too young to have borne fruit. N o isotypes have been identified for Nuttallia pedata since the immediate source of the material Nuttall sent to Hooker is not clear. Nuttallia pedata had been cultivated for at least five years and it is probable that cultivated, as well as field-collected material, was available to Nuttall. There are a number of specimens of this species with labels in Nuttall's hand indicating that they were collected in the Arkansas Territory. The fact that the lectotype specimen lacks such a label suggests that it m a y have been cultivated from seed that Nuttall brought back from his expedition. Figs. 1G, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 7B, 10, 15. Nuttallia cordata Lindley, Bot. Reg. 23: 1938, t. 1938. 1837. Type. Based on cultivated plants raised from seeds collected by Thomas Drummond in North America (lectotype, here designated, the plate, 1.1938, accompanying Lindley's description). Lindley stated in his protologue that the specimens upon which the figure of N. cordata was based were misplaced. The seed supplied by Drummond undoubtedly came from Texas. Drummond wrote to Hooker on April 14, 1834 from San Felipe de Austin, Texas (Hooker, 1835) that he had seen a new species of Nuttallia, apparently undescribed, that was "perfectly smooth" (i.e., glabrous) and "inclining to glaucous." Drummond's description fits that of the species in question, and there are Drummond collections of Callirhoe pedata from Texas that support this interpretation. Callirhoe digitata non Nuttall, sensu A. Gray, Boston J. Nat. Hist. 6: 160. 1850 (Pl. lindheim.), p. p., "Callirrhoe"; A. Gray, Smithsonian Contr. Knowl. 3(5): 15. 1850 [1852] (Pl. Wright.), pro parte, '"Callirrhoe"; A. Gray, Smithsonian Contr. Knowl. 5(6): 20. 1852 [1853] (Pl. Wright.), p. p., "'Callirrhoe.'' Callirhoe digitata Nuttall var. stipulata Waterfall, Field & Lab. 19: 117. 1951. Type. United States. Texas: Tarrant Co., 2 mi E of Birdville, 16 Apr 1948, Cory 54373 (holotype, S M U , non vidi; isotype, LL). Callirhoe digitata Nuttall var. stipulata Waterfall f alba Waterfall, Field & Lab. 19: 118. Type. United States. Texas: Wise Co., 5.5 mi N E of Alvard, 30 Apr 1948, Cory 54375 (holotype, S M U , non vidi; isotypes, KANU, LL). Gray (1849a), in making the combination Callirhoe pedata (Nuttall ex Hooker) A. Gray, confused the identity of this species. It is clear that the species he had in mind when he made the combination was C. leiocarpa. His description mentions an annual habit and a three-lobed collar on the back of the mericarp, characters that define C. leiocarpa and not C. pedata. Despite his mistake, the combination applied to the perennial taxon, C. pedata, is valid and stands. Gray (1850b) became aware of his error but failed to correct it since he was convinced that Nuttallia pedata Nuttall ex Hooker was synonymous with C. digitata, and he felt that introducing a new name for the annual species that he was calling C. pedata was unnecessary as long as he excluded the "Nuttallian synonymy." A sheet at G H labeUed by Gray "Hort. Glasgow, 1826. Hb. Parker. A n original of N[uttallia] pedata, Hook. Fl. Exot.!," may have contributed to Gray's misinterpretation ofthe situation. The sheet is Callirhoe digitata and it is not original material of N. pedata. The specimen chosen for the lectotype of N. pedata matches exactly the plate Hooker published and this latter specimen at K clearly represents a species distinct from C digitata. For almost one hundred years the name Callirhoe pedata was applied indiscriminately to two different species. Martin (1938a) partially clarified the situation when he recognized that because of Gray's reluctance to propose a new name, an annual and a perennial species were receiving the same name. H e therefore segregated the annual and named it C. leiocarpa, but like Gray (1850b) he maintained that the perennial element was synonymous with C. digitata. His reasoning, too, was based in part on the misidentified sheet at G H labelled "An original of N. pedata.' Waterfall (1951) followed Martin (1938a) with respect to his treatment of Callirhoe pedata. He recognized the annual element as C. leiocarpa and he considered the perennial to be a synonym of C. digitata. Nonetheless, Waterfall (1951) realized that there was still a distinct taxon in this group that was lacking a name and he described C. digitata var. stipulata. In the present treatment this variety is considered to be conspecific with C pedata, which is the earliest legitimate name at the specific rank and which represents a species distinct from C. digitata. The characters that serve to distinguish Callirhoe pedata from C. digitata are inflorescence morphology (the former is a raceme, the latter a panicle); leaf shape and size (the cauline leaves of C pedata are generally smaller and less dissected than those of C. digitata); stipules (persistent in C. pedata, caducous in C. digitata); and calyx lobes (consistently lanceolate in C. pedata, varying from deltoid to lanceolate in C. digitata). The two species are also geographically distinct. Callirhoe pedata is widely distributed through central Texas and south central and southeastem Oklahoma. Callirhoe digitata is restricted essentially to the Ozark plateaus. Callirhoe pedata is variable with respect to pubescence, leaf size and shape, and mericarp shape. The Arkansas and Oklahoma populations conform closely to Nuttall's type. The stems tend to be strigose with four-rayed stellate hairs; their mericarps are also strigose, but with simple hairs. The mericarp beaks are large and approach in size and shape those of C. alcaeoides. A number of these populations are also from woodland habitats, and their leaves probably represent the extremes in size of the species. Unlike the northeastem populations, the majority of Texas populations of Callirhoe pedata have glabrous and glaucous stems, glabrous mericarps, and small rectangular beaks. The plants occur in open habitats, and the leaves are smaller than those of northeastem populations, although there are some Texas populations (e.g., McVaugh 8264) that have leaves as large as those of the northeastern populations. The glabrous and glaucous-stemmed Texas populations are those that Lindley (1837) described as Nuttallia cordata and Waterfall (1951) as C digitata var. stipulata. The northem and southem populations of C. pedata show signs of intergradation in northern Texas, especially with respect to pubescence and mericarp shape. Callirhoe pedata seems more closely related to C. alcaeoides than to C. digitata. In fact, the first two are difficult to distinguish in Oklahoma where their ranges overlap. Inflorescence morphology, corolla color, and breeding system seem to offer the most reliable characters for distinguishing the two species. Torrey and Gray (1838) may have been aware of the closeness of these two species since a variety of Malva pedata (=C. pedata), which they recognized as M . pedata ß umbellata, is considered now to be synonymous with C alcaeoides.

Common Names

Heart-leaved Nuttallia

Distribution

Ouachita and Boston mountains of western Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma, Arbuckle and Wichita mountains of south central Oklahoma, and Black Prairies, Grand Prairie, and Edwards Plateau of north central and central Texas. Open oak or oak-pine woods, mesquite woodlands, margins of woods, natural clearings, prairies, grasslands, and roadsides. Occurring on calcareous or granitic substrates, usually in rocky soil but also in sandy or clay soil. Flowering (March) April to early July.

Arkansas United States of America North America| Oklahoma United States of America North America|