Taxon Details: Swartzia klugii (R.S.Cowan) Torke
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Family:
Fabaceae (Magnoliophyta)
Fabaceae (Magnoliophyta)
Scientific Name:
Swartzia klugii (R.S.Cowan) Torke
Swartzia klugii (R.S.Cowan) Torke
Accepted Name:
This name is currently accepted.
This name is currently accepted.
Description:
Author: Benjamin M. Torke
Type: Peru, Loreto, Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 m elev., Oct.-Nov. 1929 (fl), G. Klug 601 (holotype: US; isotypes: F, NY).
Description: Tree to 30 m; trunk sulcate and narrowly buttressed in mature individuals, to 50 (-75) cm; bark smooth to flaky-exfoliating, gray-brown; cambium with red-oxidizing exudate; young branchlets glabrous or essentially so, sometimes sparsely strigulose and or scurfy-strigulose on new growth. Leaves unifoliolate, with a distinct articulation between petiole and pulvinule; stipules 0.6-1.4 x 0.3-0.7 mm, triangular to ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, caducous; petiole 1.8-21 (-37.5) mm, glabrous or essentially so, sometimes wholly pulvinar, but usually with a distinct "rachis" beyond pulvinus, this marginate or bicarinate adaxially, pulvinus 1.4-5.6 mm;, stipels minute, vestigal; petiolule 1.5-5.4 mm, glabrous or essentially so; lamina 2-3.2 x longer than wide, 7.5-19 (-25.5) x 2.7-7.5 (-7.8) cm, chartaceous, discolorous, usually elliptic, basally obtuse, rounded, or broadly acute, apically caudo-acuminate, acumen rounded or pointed, often briefly mucronate, (5-) 8-23 mm long, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface glabrous to sparsely malpighio-strigulose, midrib raised-cariniform on both surfaces, other venation raised prominulous to immersed, secondary veins ca. 5-12, often somewhat impressed adaxially, initially ascending at 27-45°, forming prominent submarginal loops, these often connected in a submarginal collecting vein, loops with several included intersecondary veins semiparallel to secondaries but less ascending. Inflorescences simple racemes, often 2-several fasciculate, borne from axils of coeval leaves or from somewhat older defoliate portion of branchlets, to ca. 15-flowered; axes 2-13 cm, thinly strigulose or scurfy-strigulose, glabrescent; bracts 1.1-3.5 (-3.8) x 0.5-1.4 mm, triangular to ovate-lanceolate, often stipulate, strigulose to scurfy-strigulose, glabrescent; pedicels 2.4-5.7 (-8.3) mm, dorso-ventrally compressed, thinly to somewhat densely strigulose or scurfy-strigulose, glabrescent; bracteoles (0.5-) 0.8-1.9 (-2.2) mm, opposite to strongly subopposite, inserted in the distal three-forth of pedicel, narrowly triangular to ovate-lanceolate, strigulose to scurfy-strigulose, glabescent; flower buds 3.4-5.2 (-6.9) x 3.2-4.5 (-5.5) mm, green or greenish-yellow, ellipsoid to globose, umbonate, glabrous to sparsely strigulose or scurfy-strigulose, usually more densely so at base. Calyx glabrous adaxially, glabrous to thinly strigulose or scurfy-strigulose abaxially; segments 3-4 in number, 3.3-5.4 (-6.9) x 1.8-4.6 (-5.1) mm, subequal, more or less elliptic or irregularly shaped, recurved. Petal 1 or lacking, yellow, glabrous; claw 2.9-5.7 mm, linear or strap-like, often bent at angles in bud; limb narrowly elliptic to oblate-reniform, 4.3-6.8 x 2-4.6 mm. Stamens glabrous, dimorphic, of two sizes; larger stamens 4-7, abaxial, filaments 7.7-13.1 mm, dorso-ventrally compressed, sometimes bifurcating apically and bearing two anthers, anthers 0.7-1.6 x 0.4-0.8 mm, elliptic in outline; smaller stamens 55-92 (-167), filaments 3.4-9.1 mm, fused at extreme base, anthers 0.5-0.9 (-1) x 0.5-0.7 mm, elliptic to circular in outline. Gynoecium glabrous; stipe 6.8-9.5 (-13.3) mm, linear; ovary 2.9-4.5 (-6.8) x 1.3-2.1 (-2.4) mm, D-shaped to inequilaterally arcuate-elliptic in outline, laterally compressed, locule glabrous, ovules 3-6 (-8); style 0.6-1.8 mm, obliquely terminal to lateral at ovary apex, arcuate, terete; stigma punctiform. Fruits green, glabrous; stipe 9-12.5 mm, terete; body 3.1-5 x 2-3.3 cm, elliptic in outline, unconstricted between seeds when bi-seeded, laterally compressed, apiculate by persistent style. Seeds 1-2 per fruit, ca. 2.4-3.7 x 1.4-1.8 cm, ellipsoid or reniform, laterally compressed; funiculus ca. 2-4 cm long; aril ca. 1.7-2.2 x 1.5-1.9 cm, convex-elliptic, covering about a third of seed on hilar side.
Common names: Paleta de perico (Spanish); geographical location: Colombia; source: e.g., Sánchez et al. 458; 588. Raotiai (Witoto); geographical location: Colombia; source: e.g., Bergerón 181-392; Bergerón & Roamán 314-63; 371-179. Piijamique (Miraña Witoto); geographical location: Colombia; source: e.g., Sánchez 1236; 3989. Daguijigetage (Muiname Witoto? Huitoto?); source: e.g., Sánchez et al. 458; 513.
Distribution: Swartzia klugii occurs at less than 500 m elevation in the central Andean alluvial fan of western Amazonia, where it is known from southeastern Colombia, the adjacent frontier of Brazil, northeastern Ecuador and northwestern Peru, in the drainages of the Vaupés, Apaporis, Caquetá, Putumayo, upper Amazonas, Napo, lower Ucayali, and lower Marañon Rivers.
Ecology: Swartzia klugii grows in a diversity of habitats, ranging from upland, well drained "terra firme" rainforests on level or sloping terrain to poorly drained or seasonally inundated "tahuampa" or "varzea" forest on alluvial flats. The species appears to be equally prevalent on both sandy and clay soils. It may be associated with palm-dominated understories. Pollinators have not been observed. The relatively long funiculus probably functions in suspending the arillate seed from the dehisced fruit in clear view of dispersers, likely birds and/or bats, traveling through the forest understory,
Phenology: Flowering mostly from March and April and from October to December, occasionally at other times of the year; fruits mature mostly from June to August and from December to February.
Taxonomic notes: Swartzia klugii belongs to S. section Recurvae, sensu Torke and Mansano (2009), where it is closely related to species such as S. gracilis, S. humboldtiana and S. racemosa. One of several species of the section that are strictly unifoliolate, it was treated as a variety of the unifoliolate species S. racemosa by Cowan (1968). Torke (2007) raised S. klugii to specific rank, noting consistent morphological differences between it and S. racemosa, sensu strictu, that mirror a large geographical discontinuity between their ranges. Swartzia klugii can be easily distinguished from S. racemosa, a species confined to eastern Amazonian Brazil, in its glabrous to sparsely strigulose (versus densely canescent minute-strigulose) abaxial leaflet surface, adaxially raised (versus depressed) leaflet midrib and gynoecium with the stipe about about twice as long as the ovary proper (versus equal in length). It differs from the sometimes sympatric species S. gracilis in its unifoliolate (versus 2-4-jugate) leaves and typically shorter pedicels and somewhat smaller flower buds and flower parts, and from the Venezuelan species S. humboldtiana in its elliptic (versus ovate), basally obtuse or rounded to acute (versus cordate or truncate) leaflets, smaller flowers, shorter, more pubescent pedicels, and smaller flower buds and flower parts. Torke (2007) included Cowan's taxon S. racemosa var. major within the synonymy of S. klugii, but further study suggests that the type of var. major from the Uaupes (Vaupés) drainage in Brazil, along with two other specimens from the same drainage in nearby Colombia (Castañeda 3463 and 3464) may be worthy of taxonomic recognition, perhaps as a subspecies of S. klugii. In relation to other collections of the species, these specimens have less pubescent inflorescences and flowers, relatively longer pedicels, larger flower buds, a somewhat more elongate ovary and more numerous smaller stamens. However, other collections, particularly from the Caquetá and Apaporis drainages, are intermediate in some or all of these features. Furthermore, even if the Vaupés River material is excluded, S. klugii displays substantial variation in many characters having to do with the size, shape and number of the floral parts. For example, the single petal varies widely in the length of the claw and in the shape of the limb (from narrowly elliptic to broadly oblate-reniform). To complicate things, individuals from the Apaporis and Caquetá drainages often have mostly or entirely apetalous flowers.
Uses: It has been reported on specimen labels that S. klugii is used for timber (e.g., Bergeron 191-595; Bergeron & Román 370-184) and for firewood (Patricia Toro et al. 586).
Etymology: The specific epithet honors Guillermo Klug, the collector of the type specimen.
Conservation status: Given its broad geographical range, it is safe to assume that S. klugii is not currently threatened. The species is known to occur in several protected areas, including the Amacayacu and Cahuinarí National Parks in Colombia, the Cuyabeno Faunal Reserve in Ecuador and the Allpahuayo Biological Reserve in Peru.
Author: Benjamin M. Torke
Type: Peru, Loreto, Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 m elev., Oct.-Nov. 1929 (fl), G. Klug 601 (holotype: US; isotypes: F, NY).
Description: Tree to 30 m; trunk sulcate and narrowly buttressed in mature individuals, to 50 (-75) cm; bark smooth to flaky-exfoliating, gray-brown; cambium with red-oxidizing exudate; young branchlets glabrous or essentially so, sometimes sparsely strigulose and or scurfy-strigulose on new growth. Leaves unifoliolate, with a distinct articulation between petiole and pulvinule; stipules 0.6-1.4 x 0.3-0.7 mm, triangular to ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, caducous; petiole 1.8-21 (-37.5) mm, glabrous or essentially so, sometimes wholly pulvinar, but usually with a distinct "rachis" beyond pulvinus, this marginate or bicarinate adaxially, pulvinus 1.4-5.6 mm;, stipels minute, vestigal; petiolule 1.5-5.4 mm, glabrous or essentially so; lamina 2-3.2 x longer than wide, 7.5-19 (-25.5) x 2.7-7.5 (-7.8) cm, chartaceous, discolorous, usually elliptic, basally obtuse, rounded, or broadly acute, apically caudo-acuminate, acumen rounded or pointed, often briefly mucronate, (5-) 8-23 mm long, adaxial surface glabrous, abaxial surface glabrous to sparsely malpighio-strigulose, midrib raised-cariniform on both surfaces, other venation raised prominulous to immersed, secondary veins ca. 5-12, often somewhat impressed adaxially, initially ascending at 27-45°, forming prominent submarginal loops, these often connected in a submarginal collecting vein, loops with several included intersecondary veins semiparallel to secondaries but less ascending. Inflorescences simple racemes, often 2-several fasciculate, borne from axils of coeval leaves or from somewhat older defoliate portion of branchlets, to ca. 15-flowered; axes 2-13 cm, thinly strigulose or scurfy-strigulose, glabrescent; bracts 1.1-3.5 (-3.8) x 0.5-1.4 mm, triangular to ovate-lanceolate, often stipulate, strigulose to scurfy-strigulose, glabrescent; pedicels 2.4-5.7 (-8.3) mm, dorso-ventrally compressed, thinly to somewhat densely strigulose or scurfy-strigulose, glabrescent; bracteoles (0.5-) 0.8-1.9 (-2.2) mm, opposite to strongly subopposite, inserted in the distal three-forth of pedicel, narrowly triangular to ovate-lanceolate, strigulose to scurfy-strigulose, glabescent; flower buds 3.4-5.2 (-6.9) x 3.2-4.5 (-5.5) mm, green or greenish-yellow, ellipsoid to globose, umbonate, glabrous to sparsely strigulose or scurfy-strigulose, usually more densely so at base. Calyx glabrous adaxially, glabrous to thinly strigulose or scurfy-strigulose abaxially; segments 3-4 in number, 3.3-5.4 (-6.9) x 1.8-4.6 (-5.1) mm, subequal, more or less elliptic or irregularly shaped, recurved. Petal 1 or lacking, yellow, glabrous; claw 2.9-5.7 mm, linear or strap-like, often bent at angles in bud; limb narrowly elliptic to oblate-reniform, 4.3-6.8 x 2-4.6 mm. Stamens glabrous, dimorphic, of two sizes; larger stamens 4-7, abaxial, filaments 7.7-13.1 mm, dorso-ventrally compressed, sometimes bifurcating apically and bearing two anthers, anthers 0.7-1.6 x 0.4-0.8 mm, elliptic in outline; smaller stamens 55-92 (-167), filaments 3.4-9.1 mm, fused at extreme base, anthers 0.5-0.9 (-1) x 0.5-0.7 mm, elliptic to circular in outline. Gynoecium glabrous; stipe 6.8-9.5 (-13.3) mm, linear; ovary 2.9-4.5 (-6.8) x 1.3-2.1 (-2.4) mm, D-shaped to inequilaterally arcuate-elliptic in outline, laterally compressed, locule glabrous, ovules 3-6 (-8); style 0.6-1.8 mm, obliquely terminal to lateral at ovary apex, arcuate, terete; stigma punctiform. Fruits green, glabrous; stipe 9-12.5 mm, terete; body 3.1-5 x 2-3.3 cm, elliptic in outline, unconstricted between seeds when bi-seeded, laterally compressed, apiculate by persistent style. Seeds 1-2 per fruit, ca. 2.4-3.7 x 1.4-1.8 cm, ellipsoid or reniform, laterally compressed; funiculus ca. 2-4 cm long; aril ca. 1.7-2.2 x 1.5-1.9 cm, convex-elliptic, covering about a third of seed on hilar side.
Common names: Paleta de perico (Spanish); geographical location: Colombia; source: e.g., Sánchez et al. 458; 588. Raotiai (Witoto); geographical location: Colombia; source: e.g., Bergerón 181-392; Bergerón & Roamán 314-63; 371-179. Piijamique (Miraña Witoto); geographical location: Colombia; source: e.g., Sánchez 1236; 3989. Daguijigetage (Muiname Witoto? Huitoto?); source: e.g., Sánchez et al. 458; 513.
Distribution: Swartzia klugii occurs at less than 500 m elevation in the central Andean alluvial fan of western Amazonia, where it is known from southeastern Colombia, the adjacent frontier of Brazil, northeastern Ecuador and northwestern Peru, in the drainages of the Vaupés, Apaporis, Caquetá, Putumayo, upper Amazonas, Napo, lower Ucayali, and lower Marañon Rivers.
Ecology: Swartzia klugii grows in a diversity of habitats, ranging from upland, well drained "terra firme" rainforests on level or sloping terrain to poorly drained or seasonally inundated "tahuampa" or "varzea" forest on alluvial flats. The species appears to be equally prevalent on both sandy and clay soils. It may be associated with palm-dominated understories. Pollinators have not been observed. The relatively long funiculus probably functions in suspending the arillate seed from the dehisced fruit in clear view of dispersers, likely birds and/or bats, traveling through the forest understory,
Phenology: Flowering mostly from March and April and from October to December, occasionally at other times of the year; fruits mature mostly from June to August and from December to February.
Taxonomic notes: Swartzia klugii belongs to S. section Recurvae, sensu Torke and Mansano (2009), where it is closely related to species such as S. gracilis, S. humboldtiana and S. racemosa. One of several species of the section that are strictly unifoliolate, it was treated as a variety of the unifoliolate species S. racemosa by Cowan (1968). Torke (2007) raised S. klugii to specific rank, noting consistent morphological differences between it and S. racemosa, sensu strictu, that mirror a large geographical discontinuity between their ranges. Swartzia klugii can be easily distinguished from S. racemosa, a species confined to eastern Amazonian Brazil, in its glabrous to sparsely strigulose (versus densely canescent minute-strigulose) abaxial leaflet surface, adaxially raised (versus depressed) leaflet midrib and gynoecium with the stipe about about twice as long as the ovary proper (versus equal in length). It differs from the sometimes sympatric species S. gracilis in its unifoliolate (versus 2-4-jugate) leaves and typically shorter pedicels and somewhat smaller flower buds and flower parts, and from the Venezuelan species S. humboldtiana in its elliptic (versus ovate), basally obtuse or rounded to acute (versus cordate or truncate) leaflets, smaller flowers, shorter, more pubescent pedicels, and smaller flower buds and flower parts. Torke (2007) included Cowan's taxon S. racemosa var. major within the synonymy of S. klugii, but further study suggests that the type of var. major from the Uaupes (Vaupés) drainage in Brazil, along with two other specimens from the same drainage in nearby Colombia (Castañeda 3463 and 3464) may be worthy of taxonomic recognition, perhaps as a subspecies of S. klugii. In relation to other collections of the species, these specimens have less pubescent inflorescences and flowers, relatively longer pedicels, larger flower buds, a somewhat more elongate ovary and more numerous smaller stamens. However, other collections, particularly from the Caquetá and Apaporis drainages, are intermediate in some or all of these features. Furthermore, even if the Vaupés River material is excluded, S. klugii displays substantial variation in many characters having to do with the size, shape and number of the floral parts. For example, the single petal varies widely in the length of the claw and in the shape of the limb (from narrowly elliptic to broadly oblate-reniform). To complicate things, individuals from the Apaporis and Caquetá drainages often have mostly or entirely apetalous flowers.
Uses: It has been reported on specimen labels that S. klugii is used for timber (e.g., Bergeron 191-595; Bergeron & Román 370-184) and for firewood (Patricia Toro et al. 586).
Etymology: The specific epithet honors Guillermo Klug, the collector of the type specimen.
Conservation status: Given its broad geographical range, it is safe to assume that S. klugii is not currently threatened. The species is known to occur in several protected areas, including the Amacayacu and Cahuinarí National Parks in Colombia, the Cuyabeno Faunal Reserve in Ecuador and the Allpahuayo Biological Reserve in Peru.