Monographs Details:
Authority:
Renner, Susanne S. & Hausner, Gerlinde. 2005. Siparunaceae. Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 95: 1--247 pp. (Published by NYBG Press)
Renner, Susanne S. & Hausner, Gerlinde. 2005. Siparunaceae. Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 95: 1--247 pp. (Published by NYBG Press)
Family:
Monimiaceae
Monimiaceae
Synonyms:
Conuleum guianensis A.Rich., Citriosma decipiens Tul., Siparuna lepidantha Perkins
Conuleum guianensis A.Rich., Citriosma decipiens Tul., Siparuna lepidantha Perkins
Description:
Species Description - Monoecious tree, (3-) 10-20 m tall, reaching a dbh of 25(-30) cm, bark gray or brown, furrowed or flaky, inner bark yellowish; young branchlets terete or striate, densely covered with transparent or silvery peltate scales or stellate-lepidote hairs, glabrescent. Leaves opposite; petioles (1-)2-3 cm long; lamina drying brown or grayish brown, chartaceous, ovate, obovate-elliptic to oblanceolate, 12-18(-25) X 4.5-7(-12) cm, the base acute to obtuse, the apex acuminate, the tip 0.5-1 cm long, both surfaces loosely covered with silvery peltate scales (Fig. 7E), older leaves glabrous above, the lower surface usually with persistent stellate-lepidote hairs especially on the veins, with 6-10(-20) pairs of secondary veins, almost smooth above, slightly protruding below, the margin entire. Cymes 2-6 cm long, densely covered with silvery peltate scales (Fig. 4G), with 10-15 flowers. Fresh flowers cream or whitish green, turning yellow with age; male flowers clavate, about 2.2 mm in diam., 3-3.5 mm high, the indumentum as on the cymes; tepals and floral roof connate and forming a dome enclosing the stamens except for a minute apical pore, initially closed by a lid (Figs. 9E, 12D); stamens 5-6; female flowers flask-shaped, 2-3 mm in diam., 3-7 mm high, the tepals forming a calyptra dehiscing after anthesis circumscissily (Fig. 7E), leaving a truncate scar, the floral roof acute and tightly enclosing the stylar column, densely covered with silvery scales; carpels 5-8 (15), their styles fused and forming a column emerging from the floral roof (Fig. 71). Fruiting receptacle almond-shaped or often somewhat asymmetric (Fig. 13A), rarely ovoid, depending on the number of enclosed drupelets, with a distinct tip (where the calyptra fell off), 1.5-3 cm long and 0.7-1.5 cm in diam., fresh and immature green, mature purple, drying dark brown with few or many silvery scales, not splitting open at maturity; drupelets 2-5, lacking a stylar aril.
Species Description - Monoecious tree, (3-) 10-20 m tall, reaching a dbh of 25(-30) cm, bark gray or brown, furrowed or flaky, inner bark yellowish; young branchlets terete or striate, densely covered with transparent or silvery peltate scales or stellate-lepidote hairs, glabrescent. Leaves opposite; petioles (1-)2-3 cm long; lamina drying brown or grayish brown, chartaceous, ovate, obovate-elliptic to oblanceolate, 12-18(-25) X 4.5-7(-12) cm, the base acute to obtuse, the apex acuminate, the tip 0.5-1 cm long, both surfaces loosely covered with silvery peltate scales (Fig. 7E), older leaves glabrous above, the lower surface usually with persistent stellate-lepidote hairs especially on the veins, with 6-10(-20) pairs of secondary veins, almost smooth above, slightly protruding below, the margin entire. Cymes 2-6 cm long, densely covered with silvery peltate scales (Fig. 4G), with 10-15 flowers. Fresh flowers cream or whitish green, turning yellow with age; male flowers clavate, about 2.2 mm in diam., 3-3.5 mm high, the indumentum as on the cymes; tepals and floral roof connate and forming a dome enclosing the stamens except for a minute apical pore, initially closed by a lid (Figs. 9E, 12D); stamens 5-6; female flowers flask-shaped, 2-3 mm in diam., 3-7 mm high, the tepals forming a calyptra dehiscing after anthesis circumscissily (Fig. 7E), leaving a truncate scar, the floral roof acute and tightly enclosing the stylar column, densely covered with silvery scales; carpels 5-8 (15), their styles fused and forming a column emerging from the floral roof (Fig. 71). Fruiting receptacle almond-shaped or often somewhat asymmetric (Fig. 13A), rarely ovoid, depending on the number of enclosed drupelets, with a distinct tip (where the calyptra fell off), 1.5-3 cm long and 0.7-1.5 cm in diam., fresh and immature green, mature purple, drying dark brown with few or many silvery scales, not splitting open at maturity; drupelets 2-5, lacking a stylar aril.
Discussion:
Further names from Surinam are listed in Petter (1932), but we have not seen these on any labels.In Amazonian Ecuador, exudates from the wood are thought to cause skin problems when touched (Korning & Thomsen 57111), while in Amazonian Colombia the charcoaled bark is filtered and used as a salt to treat a variety of illnesses (La Rotta & Miraña 427). Cytotoxic activity in cancerous mice has also been reported from this species (Suffness et al., 1988).Siparuna decipiens is one of the most distinctive species of the genus, so distinctive in fact that it was originally considered a separate genus, Conuleum. It is easily recognized by its flask-shaped flower buds, floral calyptra (Figs. 7E-F, 71) and indumentum of silvery scales (Figs. 3E, 4F, 4G, 7E). Notably, the calyptra falls off after anthesis, not before, and the fruiting receptacles do not split open at maturity (M. F. Prevost, Cayenne, personal communication, May 2002). Like all Siparuna, S. decipiens is pollinated nocturnally by gall midges that oviposit into the flowers and in the process pick up, and deliver, pollen (Feil, 1992; Schulz-Burck, 1997). Possibly, the apical pore in the calyptra is more open in nature (and at night) than it is in herbarium material where stamens or styles rarely emerge from the flowers (e.g., in Ruokolainen et al. 1439). Dispersal of the seeds (drupelets) is probably mainly by bats, primates, and ground-foraging birds (see the observations and references on Dispersal and Germination in the general part). Molecular data show that S. decipiens is sister to all other species of Siparuna (Renner and Won, 2001), supporting Tulasne’s (1855b) and de Candolle’s (1868) placement of this species at the beginning or end of their treatments of Siparuna.The only species somewhat similar in leaf shape and indumentum is S. pachyantha. However, that has leaves in whorls of six, ribbed fruits, and fewer stamens, besides lacking a calyptra. In spite of their similar indumentum, the two are not sister groups in the molecular phylogeny (Fig. 17). The browndrying leaves of S. decipiens with their conspicuous dotting of silvery-white appressed peltate hairs (Fig. 7E) also are extremely similar to those of Pera benensis (Euphorbiaceae), and we have seen at least 15 collections of Pera misidentified as Siparuna decipiens.
Further names from Surinam are listed in Petter (1932), but we have not seen these on any labels.In Amazonian Ecuador, exudates from the wood are thought to cause skin problems when touched (Korning & Thomsen 57111), while in Amazonian Colombia the charcoaled bark is filtered and used as a salt to treat a variety of illnesses (La Rotta & Miraña 427). Cytotoxic activity in cancerous mice has also been reported from this species (Suffness et al., 1988).Siparuna decipiens is one of the most distinctive species of the genus, so distinctive in fact that it was originally considered a separate genus, Conuleum. It is easily recognized by its flask-shaped flower buds, floral calyptra (Figs. 7E-F, 71) and indumentum of silvery scales (Figs. 3E, 4F, 4G, 7E). Notably, the calyptra falls off after anthesis, not before, and the fruiting receptacles do not split open at maturity (M. F. Prevost, Cayenne, personal communication, May 2002). Like all Siparuna, S. decipiens is pollinated nocturnally by gall midges that oviposit into the flowers and in the process pick up, and deliver, pollen (Feil, 1992; Schulz-Burck, 1997). Possibly, the apical pore in the calyptra is more open in nature (and at night) than it is in herbarium material where stamens or styles rarely emerge from the flowers (e.g., in Ruokolainen et al. 1439). Dispersal of the seeds (drupelets) is probably mainly by bats, primates, and ground-foraging birds (see the observations and references on Dispersal and Germination in the general part). Molecular data show that S. decipiens is sister to all other species of Siparuna (Renner and Won, 2001), supporting Tulasne’s (1855b) and de Candolle’s (1868) placement of this species at the beginning or end of their treatments of Siparuna.The only species somewhat similar in leaf shape and indumentum is S. pachyantha. However, that has leaves in whorls of six, ribbed fruits, and fewer stamens, besides lacking a calyptra. In spite of their similar indumentum, the two are not sister groups in the molecular phylogeny (Fig. 17). The browndrying leaves of S. decipiens with their conspicuous dotting of silvery-white appressed peltate hairs (Fig. 7E) also are extremely similar to those of Pera benensis (Euphorbiaceae), and we have seen at least 15 collections of Pera misidentified as Siparuna decipiens.
Distribution:
Amazonas Colombia South America| Caquetá Colombia South America| Guaviare Colombia South America| Vaupés Colombia South America| Amazonas Venezuela South America| Bolívar Venezuela South America| Delta Amacuro Venezuela South America| Guyana South America| Suriname South America| French Guiana South America| Morona-Santiago Ecuador South America| Napo Ecuador South America| Orellana Ecuador South America| Pastaza Ecuador South America| Sucumbíos Ecuador South America| Amazonas Peru South America| Huánuco Peru South America| Loreto Peru South America| Madre de Dios Peru South America| Puno Peru South America| Ucayali Peru South America| Acre Brazil South America| Amapá Brazil South America| Amazonas Brazil South America| Pará Brazil South America| Rondônia Brazil South America| Beni Bolivia South America| Cochabamba Bolivia South America| La Paz Bolivia South America| Pando Bolivia South America| Santa Cruz Bolivia South America|
Amazonas Colombia South America| Caquetá Colombia South America| Guaviare Colombia South America| Vaupés Colombia South America| Amazonas Venezuela South America| Bolívar Venezuela South America| Delta Amacuro Venezuela South America| Guyana South America| Suriname South America| French Guiana South America| Morona-Santiago Ecuador South America| Napo Ecuador South America| Orellana Ecuador South America| Pastaza Ecuador South America| Sucumbíos Ecuador South America| Amazonas Peru South America| Huánuco Peru South America| Loreto Peru South America| Madre de Dios Peru South America| Puno Peru South America| Ucayali Peru South America| Acre Brazil South America| Amapá Brazil South America| Amazonas Brazil South America| Pará Brazil South America| Rondônia Brazil South America| Beni Bolivia South America| Cochabamba Bolivia South America| La Paz Bolivia South America| Pando Bolivia South America| Santa Cruz Bolivia South America|
Common Names:
nedsoroi, agua dulce montañero, aguane, doma tahue, domotemu, nadagoncahue, petamue, sichin caspi, palo que da comezón, mejeg, Amarelinho, quariquara de igapó, quariquara branca, mahere mãhi
nedsoroi, agua dulce montañero, aguane, doma tahue, domotemu, nadagoncahue, petamue, sichin caspi, palo que da comezón, mejeg, Amarelinho, quariquara de igapó, quariquara branca, mahere mãhi