Monographs Details:
Authority:
Renner, Susanne S. & Hausner, Gerlinde. 2005. Siparunaceae. Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 95: 1--247 pp. (Published by NYBG Press)
Renner, Susanne S. & Hausner, Gerlinde. 2005. Siparunaceae. Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 95: 1--247 pp. (Published by NYBG Press)
Family:
Monimiaceae
Monimiaceae
Synonyms:
Citrosma Ruiz & Pav., Conuleum, Bracteanthus
Citrosma Ruiz & Pav., Conuleum, Bracteanthus
Description:
Genus Description - Dioecious or monoecious shrubs, treelets, or trees (to 40 m tall and to 120 cm in dbh). Leaves decussate or in whorls of 3, 4, or 6, petiolate, sparsely or densely pubescent, the hairs simple, tufted, stellate, stellate-lepidote, or lepidote (peltate scales; Figs. 3, 4), the older leaves sometimes glabrous, the margin dentate, serrate, or entire. Inflorescences mono- or dichasial cymes, sometimes bifid or fasciculate (Fig. 5), axillary and/or on leafless nodes. Flowers unisexual, pedicellate, the receptacle subglobose or cup-shaped, rarely urceolate or flask-shaped (Figs. 6-8), completely enclosing the carpels or stamens, at anthesis the latter protruding from a variably-sized pore in the center of the floral roof, the 4-6(-8) tepals usually small, triangular, rounded, or spatulate, or forming a rim encircling the floral cup (Figs. 6B, 6C, 11C, 11D), rarely a calyptra (S. decipiens; Fig. 7E), the floral roof (velum) in female flowers sometimes differentiated into an outer bulge and an inner tube tightly sheathing the styles (Fig. 6E); stamens usually 5-9, occasionally 1 or up to 72, free, rarely their filaments laterally fused (Fig. 11G), dispersed irregularly in the floral cup except in flowers with very few stamens, the 2 pollen sacs introrse, closely adjacent, and opening by a single flap (Fig. 11F), the filaments unappendaged and undifferentiated; carpels 3-35, styles free (Figs. 6B, 9G, 9H), sometimes postgenitally fused (Figs. 6C, 8C, 8D), the stigmas papillose and decurrent (Figs. 9G, 9H). Mature fruiting receptacles fleshy and 1.5-4 cm in diam., globose, smooth, spiny, or with tubercles, rarely almond-shaped (Fig. 13A) or with longitudinal ribs, often crowned by the persistent tepals, when fresh and mature reddish or yellow, with a strong pungent scent, commonly splitting irregularly from the apex and spreading to reveal the drupelets; drupelets fresh with a translucent bluish gray exo- and mesocarp and a stony endocarp, in most dioecious species drupelets bearing an apical or lateral reddish orange outgrowth of the style basis ("stylar aril"; Fig. 14), rarely the drupelets lacking an appendage and/or the receptacle not splitting open at maturity. Germination epigeal.
Genus Description - Dioecious or monoecious shrubs, treelets, or trees (to 40 m tall and to 120 cm in dbh). Leaves decussate or in whorls of 3, 4, or 6, petiolate, sparsely or densely pubescent, the hairs simple, tufted, stellate, stellate-lepidote, or lepidote (peltate scales; Figs. 3, 4), the older leaves sometimes glabrous, the margin dentate, serrate, or entire. Inflorescences mono- or dichasial cymes, sometimes bifid or fasciculate (Fig. 5), axillary and/or on leafless nodes. Flowers unisexual, pedicellate, the receptacle subglobose or cup-shaped, rarely urceolate or flask-shaped (Figs. 6-8), completely enclosing the carpels or stamens, at anthesis the latter protruding from a variably-sized pore in the center of the floral roof, the 4-6(-8) tepals usually small, triangular, rounded, or spatulate, or forming a rim encircling the floral cup (Figs. 6B, 6C, 11C, 11D), rarely a calyptra (S. decipiens; Fig. 7E), the floral roof (velum) in female flowers sometimes differentiated into an outer bulge and an inner tube tightly sheathing the styles (Fig. 6E); stamens usually 5-9, occasionally 1 or up to 72, free, rarely their filaments laterally fused (Fig. 11G), dispersed irregularly in the floral cup except in flowers with very few stamens, the 2 pollen sacs introrse, closely adjacent, and opening by a single flap (Fig. 11F), the filaments unappendaged and undifferentiated; carpels 3-35, styles free (Figs. 6B, 9G, 9H), sometimes postgenitally fused (Figs. 6C, 8C, 8D), the stigmas papillose and decurrent (Figs. 9G, 9H). Mature fruiting receptacles fleshy and 1.5-4 cm in diam., globose, smooth, spiny, or with tubercles, rarely almond-shaped (Fig. 13A) or with longitudinal ribs, often crowned by the persistent tepals, when fresh and mature reddish or yellow, with a strong pungent scent, commonly splitting irregularly from the apex and spreading to reveal the drupelets; drupelets fresh with a translucent bluish gray exo- and mesocarp and a stony endocarp, in most dioecious species drupelets bearing an apical or lateral reddish orange outgrowth of the style basis ("stylar aril"; Fig. 14), rarely the drupelets lacking an appendage and/or the receptacle not splitting open at maturity. Germination epigeal.
Distribution: