Monographs Details:
Authority:
Mitchell, D. J. & Mori, S. A. 1987. The cashew and its relatives (Anacardium: Anacardiaceae). Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 42: 1-76. (Monograph of the genus Anacardium (Anacardiaceae).)
Mitchell, D. J. & Mori, S. A. 1987. The cashew and its relatives (Anacardium: Anacardiaceae). Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 42: 1-76. (Monograph of the genus Anacardium (Anacardiaceae).)
Family:
Anacardiaceae
Anacardiaceae
Description:
Species Description - Trees to 35 m x 100 cm, with cylindrical trunk slightly swollen at base. Bark smooth, with scattered lenticels, the inner bark reddish-brown, forming resinous exudate when cut. Leaves nearest inflorescence with white or light pink adaxial surfaces and green abaxial surfaces. Leaf blades obovate, 9-20 x 3.5-10 cm, chartaceous, completely glabrous adaxially, glabrous abaxially except for occasionally puberulous midrib, with 13-16 pairs of lateral veins, these and the tertiary veins prominent abaxially, prominulous adaxially, midrib impressed to prominulous adaxially, prominent abaxially; base usually cuneate, occasionally obtuse, frequently asymmetrical; apex usually rounded or occasionally obtuse, frequently asymmetrical; apex usually rounded or obtuse, sometimes acuminate, mucronate, shallowly emarginate or truncate; petioles 15-40 mm long. Inflorescences congested, 5-20.5 x 3-20 cm, sparsely puberulous to densely puberulous toward apices of rachises, the peduncle 0.5-4 cm long, the upper bracts lanceolate to ovate, sepallike, puberulous, the lower bracts obovate, leaflike, usually white, the pedicels 1.5-3 mm long, puberulous. Bisexual-flowers: corolla cylindric, 3-4.5 mm diam.; sepals lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 3.6-6.5 x 1.2-2 mm, pubescent abaxially, glabrous adaxially; petals reflexed, narrowly oblong to lorate, 6-12 x 1-1.5 mm, puberulous on both surfaces, pink to dark purple after pollination; stamens 8-10, with one stamen much larger, the largest filament 5.2-7(-9) mm long, glabrous, the remaining filaments much shorter, with normal anthers; staminal tube 1.2-3.5(-4.5) mm long, unequal in length around circumference; ovary 1.2-3 x 1.7-3.2 mm, glabrous, the style usually central, erect and bulbous, red, the stigma punctiform or capitate. Staminateflowers with pistillode 0.7-1 mm long. Hypocarp obcon-ical or pyriform, 100 x 6-15 mm, very juicy, white, red, or yellow, with strong resinous smell. Drupe reniform, 13-15 x 13-20 mm, black at maturity.
Species Description - Trees to 35 m x 100 cm, with cylindrical trunk slightly swollen at base. Bark smooth, with scattered lenticels, the inner bark reddish-brown, forming resinous exudate when cut. Leaves nearest inflorescence with white or light pink adaxial surfaces and green abaxial surfaces. Leaf blades obovate, 9-20 x 3.5-10 cm, chartaceous, completely glabrous adaxially, glabrous abaxially except for occasionally puberulous midrib, with 13-16 pairs of lateral veins, these and the tertiary veins prominent abaxially, prominulous adaxially, midrib impressed to prominulous adaxially, prominent abaxially; base usually cuneate, occasionally obtuse, frequently asymmetrical; apex usually rounded or occasionally obtuse, frequently asymmetrical; apex usually rounded or obtuse, sometimes acuminate, mucronate, shallowly emarginate or truncate; petioles 15-40 mm long. Inflorescences congested, 5-20.5 x 3-20 cm, sparsely puberulous to densely puberulous toward apices of rachises, the peduncle 0.5-4 cm long, the upper bracts lanceolate to ovate, sepallike, puberulous, the lower bracts obovate, leaflike, usually white, the pedicels 1.5-3 mm long, puberulous. Bisexual-flowers: corolla cylindric, 3-4.5 mm diam.; sepals lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 3.6-6.5 x 1.2-2 mm, pubescent abaxially, glabrous adaxially; petals reflexed, narrowly oblong to lorate, 6-12 x 1-1.5 mm, puberulous on both surfaces, pink to dark purple after pollination; stamens 8-10, with one stamen much larger, the largest filament 5.2-7(-9) mm long, glabrous, the remaining filaments much shorter, with normal anthers; staminal tube 1.2-3.5(-4.5) mm long, unequal in length around circumference; ovary 1.2-3 x 1.7-3.2 mm, glabrous, the style usually central, erect and bulbous, red, the stigma punctiform or capitate. Staminateflowers with pistillode 0.7-1 mm long. Hypocarp obcon-ical or pyriform, 100 x 6-15 mm, very juicy, white, red, or yellow, with strong resinous smell. Drupe reniform, 13-15 x 13-20 mm, black at maturity.
Discussion:
Type. Brazil. Amazonas: N shore of Amazon River at mouth of Rio Negro, Aug 1851 (fl, fr), Spruce 1684 (Holotype, B, destroyed; Lectotype, K!, here designated; Isolectotypes, BM!, GH!, M!, NY!, P!). Figs. 3b, 10d, e, 19, Map 1A. Anacardium brasiliense Barbosa Rodrigues, Revista de Engenharia, 28 Jul: 191. 1883. Local names and uses. Brazil: Cajú-assú, cajueiro do matto, cajuhy, cajuí. French Guiana: Pomme cajou. Surinam: Boskasjoe, forest cashew. In Brazil the name cajú-assú generally refers to A. spruceanum and cajui to A. giganteum. The green and white foliage of the outer branches associated with the inflorescences give the tree a magnificent appearance when in flower and therefore A. spruceanum has been recommended as an ornamental for tropical climates (Menninger, 1962). Taxonomy. Populations of A. spruceanum with white hypocarps appear to be concentrated in French Guiana and Amapá, Brazil, whereas specimens with red hypocarps have been collected from the area around Manaus, Brazil. Anacardium brasiliense is treated here as a synonym of A. spruceanum because of Barbosa Rodrigues’ reference to the leaves as being of a different color than in other species of the genus. Certainly, he was referring to the showy white leaves and foliaceous bracts subtending the rachises of the inflorescence of A. spruceanum, a feature unique to this species. Ducke (1922) also treated A. brasiliense as a synonym of A. spruceanum.
Type. Brazil. Amazonas: N shore of Amazon River at mouth of Rio Negro, Aug 1851 (fl, fr), Spruce 1684 (Holotype, B, destroyed; Lectotype, K!, here designated; Isolectotypes, BM!, GH!, M!, NY!, P!). Figs. 3b, 10d, e, 19, Map 1A. Anacardium brasiliense Barbosa Rodrigues, Revista de Engenharia, 28 Jul: 191. 1883. Local names and uses. Brazil: Cajú-assú, cajueiro do matto, cajuhy, cajuí. French Guiana: Pomme cajou. Surinam: Boskasjoe, forest cashew. In Brazil the name cajú-assú generally refers to A. spruceanum and cajui to A. giganteum. The green and white foliage of the outer branches associated with the inflorescences give the tree a magnificent appearance when in flower and therefore A. spruceanum has been recommended as an ornamental for tropical climates (Menninger, 1962). Taxonomy. Populations of A. spruceanum with white hypocarps appear to be concentrated in French Guiana and Amapá, Brazil, whereas specimens with red hypocarps have been collected from the area around Manaus, Brazil. Anacardium brasiliense is treated here as a synonym of A. spruceanum because of Barbosa Rodrigues’ reference to the leaves as being of a different color than in other species of the genus. Certainly, he was referring to the showy white leaves and foliaceous bracts subtending the rachises of the inflorescence of A. spruceanum, a feature unique to this species. Ducke (1922) also treated A. brasiliense as a synonym of A. spruceanum.
Distribution:
Venezuela South America| Brazil South America| Bolivia South America| French Guiana South America| Suriname South America| Guyana South America|
Venezuela South America| Brazil South America| Bolivia South America| French Guiana South America| Suriname South America| Guyana South America|