Monographs Details:
Authority:
Rohwer, Jens G. 1993. Lauraceae:. Fl. Neotrop. Monogr. 60: 1-332. (Published by NYBG Press)
Rohwer, Jens G. 1993. Lauraceae:
Family:
Lauraceae
Lauraceae
Synonyms:
Nectandra myriantha Meisn., Nectandra myriantha var. attenuata Meisn., Nectandra myriantha var. glabrata Meisn., Nectandra surinamensis Mez, Nectandra kuntzeana Mez, Nectandra capanahuensis O.C.Schmidt, Nectandra steinbachii O.C.Schmidt, Nectandra paulii C.K.Allen
Nectandra myriantha Meisn., Nectandra myriantha var. attenuata Meisn., Nectandra myriantha var. glabrata Meisn., Nectandra surinamensis Mez, Nectandra kuntzeana Mez, Nectandra capanahuensis O.C.Schmidt, Nectandra steinbachii O.C.Schmidt, Nectandra paulii C.K.Allen
Description:
Species Description - Trees, to 35 tall, but in open woods already flowering when only 4 m tall. Branchlets 5 cm below terminal bud 2-6.5 mm in diam., initially with distinct longitudinal ridges and furrows, sometimes soon becoming roundish, densely covered with ± short hairs and often also with long hairs (up to 0.4 mm, in Central America to 0.8 mm long), both types ± appressed to ascending, mostly ± straight, ± pointing towards the tip of the twig, on older twigs becoming felted and grayish, usually very slowly wearing off; terminal buds elongate to depressed ovoid, 4-14 mm long and 1.5-6 mm thick, densely pubescent, hairs ± as on twigs. Petioles (8-)10-26(-35) mm long, 1.5-4.5 mm thick, often flattened, roundish to triangular below, often longitudinally ridged, slightly convex above to (usually) broadly canaliculate, indument at first ± as on twigs, often soon becoming sparser, more persistent above than below. Leaves alternate, elliptic to obovate or oblanceolate, widest ± at the middle or up to 2/3 from the base, (6-)11-25(-37) cm long, (2.5-)4-11(-12.5) cm wide, (1.5-)1.9-3.3(-4.3) times longer than wide, tip with a usually short acumen (rarely long or absent), base attenuate to broadly obtuse, margin at the base flat to conspicuously revolute, midrib usually ± impressed above, but at least its central part convex, very prominent below, secondary veins almost level to ± impressed above, mostly also slightly convex, prominent below, (6-)8-12(-14) pairs, diverging at 40-70°, in mid-lamina running at an angle of (15-)25-50(-55)° to the midrib, tertiary venation predominantly or entirely percurrent or sometimes scalariform, occasionally with strong intersecondaries, in some populations rather inconspicuous, ± level above (slightly impressed to slightly raised), level to distinctly raised below. Indument consisting mainly of short, ± appressed hairs, often with some longer hairs (up to 0.5 mm) mixed in, straight to slightly curled, initially ± sparse above, denser on veins, very sparse to moderately dense below, in mature leaves sparse to absent above, very sparse to intermediate below, intercostal area sometimes glaucous below. Gland dots not visible to distinct above. Inflorescences in the axils of foliage leaves and/or in the axils of cataphylls, at the base of the new growth or below the terminal bud, 0.7-4(-5) mm in diam. at the base, on a twig of 2-8 mm diam., (4-)7.5-37 cm long, reaching ca. 2/3 to more than twice the length of the closest foliage leaves; peduncle (1.5-)3.5-14 cm long, i.e., 1/10-3/5 the length of the inflorescence, lateral branches 4-20(-30) below the terminal cluster of cymes, branched (l-)2-3(-4) times, the branchlets usually thyrsoids themselves, indument rather variable (in central and southern Brazil often very sparse and inflorescence glaucous). Pedicels (0.5-)2-6(-8.5) mm long, 0.20.5 mm thick. Flowers 3.3-5(-6.4) mm in diam., tepals elliptic to parabolic, l.l-2(-2.6) mm long and 0.7-1.3(-l.6) mm wide, ± densely covered with rather long, fine, hair-like papillae on the inside surface (sometimes shorter or absent at the lateral margin of outer tepals). Stamens (Fig. 6 G, H) ca. 0.5-0.7 mm long including the very short filament (rarely up to 0.2 mm long), anthers apically and on abaxial side covered with long papillae, in the two outer whorls ± transverse elliptic, broadly rounded to slightly emarginate at the tip, in the third whorl ± obtrapeziform, very broadly obtuse to slightly emarginate at the tip. Staminodes reaching ca. 1/2-3/4 the length of the stamens, slightly clavate, with long papillae on abaxial side, possibly slightly glandular on adaxial side, free. Pistil ca. 1-1.2 mm long, ovary ± pear-shaped, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs, style very short. Receptacle rather shallow, glabrous inside. Berry ellipsoid to globose, ca. 13-18 mm long, ca. 7-15 mm in diam., cupule ± conical when young, later shallow, ca. 1-3.5 mm high and ca. 6-11 mm in diam., pedicel only very slightly thickened to distinctly incrassate and gradually merging into the cupule.
Species Description - Trees, to 35 tall, but in open woods already flowering when only 4 m tall. Branchlets 5 cm below terminal bud 2-6.5 mm in diam., initially with distinct longitudinal ridges and furrows, sometimes soon becoming roundish, densely covered with ± short hairs and often also with long hairs (up to 0.4 mm, in Central America to 0.8 mm long), both types ± appressed to ascending, mostly ± straight, ± pointing towards the tip of the twig, on older twigs becoming felted and grayish, usually very slowly wearing off; terminal buds elongate to depressed ovoid, 4-14 mm long and 1.5-6 mm thick, densely pubescent, hairs ± as on twigs. Petioles (8-)10-26(-35) mm long, 1.5-4.5 mm thick, often flattened, roundish to triangular below, often longitudinally ridged, slightly convex above to (usually) broadly canaliculate, indument at first ± as on twigs, often soon becoming sparser, more persistent above than below. Leaves alternate, elliptic to obovate or oblanceolate, widest ± at the middle or up to 2/3 from the base, (6-)11-25(-37) cm long, (2.5-)4-11(-12.5) cm wide, (1.5-)1.9-3.3(-4.3) times longer than wide, tip with a usually short acumen (rarely long or absent), base attenuate to broadly obtuse, margin at the base flat to conspicuously revolute, midrib usually ± impressed above, but at least its central part convex, very prominent below, secondary veins almost level to ± impressed above, mostly also slightly convex, prominent below, (6-)8-12(-14) pairs, diverging at 40-70°, in mid-lamina running at an angle of (15-)25-50(-55)° to the midrib, tertiary venation predominantly or entirely percurrent or sometimes scalariform, occasionally with strong intersecondaries, in some populations rather inconspicuous, ± level above (slightly impressed to slightly raised), level to distinctly raised below. Indument consisting mainly of short, ± appressed hairs, often with some longer hairs (up to 0.5 mm) mixed in, straight to slightly curled, initially ± sparse above, denser on veins, very sparse to moderately dense below, in mature leaves sparse to absent above, very sparse to intermediate below, intercostal area sometimes glaucous below. Gland dots not visible to distinct above. Inflorescences in the axils of foliage leaves and/or in the axils of cataphylls, at the base of the new growth or below the terminal bud, 0.7-4(-5) mm in diam. at the base, on a twig of 2-8 mm diam., (4-)7.5-37 cm long, reaching ca. 2/3 to more than twice the length of the closest foliage leaves; peduncle (1.5-)3.5-14 cm long, i.e., 1/10-3/5 the length of the inflorescence, lateral branches 4-20(-30) below the terminal cluster of cymes, branched (l-)2-3(-4) times, the branchlets usually thyrsoids themselves, indument rather variable (in central and southern Brazil often very sparse and inflorescence glaucous). Pedicels (0.5-)2-6(-8.5) mm long, 0.20.5 mm thick. Flowers 3.3-5(-6.4) mm in diam., tepals elliptic to parabolic, l.l-2(-2.6) mm long and 0.7-1.3(-l.6) mm wide, ± densely covered with rather long, fine, hair-like papillae on the inside surface (sometimes shorter or absent at the lateral margin of outer tepals). Stamens (Fig. 6 G, H) ca. 0.5-0.7 mm long including the very short filament (rarely up to 0.2 mm long), anthers apically and on abaxial side covered with long papillae, in the two outer whorls ± transverse elliptic, broadly rounded to slightly emarginate at the tip, in the third whorl ± obtrapeziform, very broadly obtuse to slightly emarginate at the tip. Staminodes reaching ca. 1/2-3/4 the length of the stamens, slightly clavate, with long papillae on abaxial side, possibly slightly glandular on adaxial side, free. Pistil ca. 1-1.2 mm long, ovary ± pear-shaped, glabrous or with a few scattered hairs, style very short. Receptacle rather shallow, glabrous inside. Berry ellipsoid to globose, ca. 13-18 mm long, ca. 7-15 mm in diam., cupule ± conical when young, later shallow, ca. 1-3.5 mm high and ca. 6-11 mm in diam., pedicel only very slightly thickened to distinctly incrassate and gradually merging into the cupule.
Discussion:
Uses. The hard, yellow, fragrant wood of N. cissiflora is used for various purposes.Nectandra cissiflora is recognized by its small flowers with long papillae, (nearly) sessile elliptic anthers, a shallow receptacle, and a very short style. The flowers are arranged in usually large and many-flowered inflorescences. While the flower structure is very constant, there is an enormous range of variation in the vegetative parts. As circumscribed here, N. cissiflora comprises several, sometimes strikingly (lifferent, local forms, which are, however, linked by so many intermediates that I am unable to suggest a further subdivision.The closest relatives of N cissiflora, or possibly just forms of this species, are/V. oides, N. pearcei, and N. subbullata. Nectandra viburnoides differs from N. cissiflora mainly by smaller inflorescences and smaller leaves, with a distinctly impressed midrib (see p. 153). Nectandra pearcei can be distinguished by having predominantly erect hairs on the lower leaf surface (see p. 150). Intermediate forms to both species do occur, but they are rare compared to the typical forms. Nectandra subbullata is discussed below.The syntypes of Nectandra myriantha and its varieties are all very similar to each other, and they are equally well in agreement with the protologues. Therefore, I cannot give specific reasons for selecting a particular collection as lectotype, other than that the specimens chosen had been annotated by Meissner, and that they are represented by duplicates in several other herbaria.In Nectandra surinamensis the situation is different Originally the species was based on three syntypes, Kappler 2076 from Surinam, Mélinon 561 from French Guiana, and im Thurn s.n., said to come from British Guyana, although the locality given (Cabalebo river) is in Surinam. This last collection has largely erect hairs on the lower leaf surface, whereas in the others the hairs are appressed. Both hairtypes are mentioned in the protologue, so that the choice of a lectotype must be based on other evidence. The overall impression of the description as well as the epithet “surinamensis” indicate that Mez based his species concept mainly on the Kappler collection, which is consequently designated as the lectotype here. The Thurn collection is referred to N. pearcei.
Uses. The hard, yellow, fragrant wood of N. cissiflora is used for various purposes.Nectandra cissiflora is recognized by its small flowers with long papillae, (nearly) sessile elliptic anthers, a shallow receptacle, and a very short style. The flowers are arranged in usually large and many-flowered inflorescences. While the flower structure is very constant, there is an enormous range of variation in the vegetative parts. As circumscribed here, N. cissiflora comprises several, sometimes strikingly (lifferent, local forms, which are, however, linked by so many intermediates that I am unable to suggest a further subdivision.The closest relatives of N cissiflora, or possibly just forms of this species, are/V. oides, N. pearcei, and N. subbullata. Nectandra viburnoides differs from N. cissiflora mainly by smaller inflorescences and smaller leaves, with a distinctly impressed midrib (see p. 153). Nectandra pearcei can be distinguished by having predominantly erect hairs on the lower leaf surface (see p. 150). Intermediate forms to both species do occur, but they are rare compared to the typical forms. Nectandra subbullata is discussed below.The syntypes of Nectandra myriantha and its varieties are all very similar to each other, and they are equally well in agreement with the protologues. Therefore, I cannot give specific reasons for selecting a particular collection as lectotype, other than that the specimens chosen had been annotated by Meissner, and that they are represented by duplicates in several other herbaria.In Nectandra surinamensis the situation is different Originally the species was based on three syntypes, Kappler 2076 from Surinam, Mélinon 561 from French Guiana, and im Thurn s.n., said to come from British Guyana, although the locality given (Cabalebo river) is in Surinam. This last collection has largely erect hairs on the lower leaf surface, whereas in the others the hairs are appressed. Both hairtypes are mentioned in the protologue, so that the choice of a lectotype must be based on other evidence. The overall impression of the description as well as the epithet “surinamensis” indicate that Mez based his species concept mainly on the Kappler collection, which is consequently designated as the lectotype here. The Thurn collection is referred to N. pearcei.
Nectandra cissflora has been found flowering in all months of the year except January, and main flowering times become obvious only in better collected regions, e.g., February in Costa Rica, July to October in Peru, and April to August in central Brazil. Most of the few fruiting collections were made in October in central Brazil.
Distribution:
Mexico North America| Veracruz Mexico North America| Guatemala Central America| Alta Verapaz Guatemala Central America| Costa Rica South America| Heredia Costa Rica Central America| Puntarenas Costa Rica Central America| San José Costa Rica Central America| Panama Central America| Canal Zone Panamá Central America| Guyana South America| Suriname South America| French Guiana South America| Ecuador South America| Bolívar Ecuador South America| Esmeraldas Ecuador South America| Napo Ecuador South America| Peru South America| Cajamarca Peru South America| Huánuco Peru South America| Loreto Peru South America| Madre de Dios Peru South America| Pasco Peru South America| San Martín Peru South America| Brazil South America| Acre Brazil South America| Amazonas Brazil South America| Bahia Brazil South America| Distrito Federal Brazil South America| Goiás Brazil South America| Mato Grosso Brazil South America| Minas Gerais Brazil South America| Pará Brazil South America| Paraná Brazil South America| Pernambuco Brazil South America| Rio Grande do Sul Brazil South America| São Paulo Brazil South America| Bolivia South America| La Paz Bolivia South America| Santa Cruz Bolivia South America|
Mexico North America| Veracruz Mexico North America| Guatemala Central America| Alta Verapaz Guatemala Central America| Costa Rica South America| Heredia Costa Rica Central America| Puntarenas Costa Rica Central America| San José Costa Rica Central America| Panama Central America| Canal Zone Panamá Central America| Guyana South America| Suriname South America| French Guiana South America| Ecuador South America| Bolívar Ecuador South America| Esmeraldas Ecuador South America| Napo Ecuador South America| Peru South America| Cajamarca Peru South America| Huánuco Peru South America| Loreto Peru South America| Madre de Dios Peru South America| Pasco Peru South America| San Martín Peru South America| Brazil South America| Acre Brazil South America| Amazonas Brazil South America| Bahia Brazil South America| Distrito Federal Brazil South America| Goiás Brazil South America| Mato Grosso Brazil South America| Minas Gerais Brazil South America| Pará Brazil South America| Paraná Brazil South America| Pernambuco Brazil South America| Rio Grande do Sul Brazil South America| São Paulo Brazil South America| Bolivia South America| La Paz Bolivia South America| Santa Cruz Bolivia South America|
Common Names:
aguacatillo, kraspisi, kraspisie, cèdre noir, moena amarilla, moena blanca, muena, roble, tinche, canela, Canela fedida, louro babão, massaranduba branca, laurel mayor, negrillo
aguacatillo, kraspisi, kraspisie, cèdre noir, moena amarilla, moena blanca, muena, roble, tinche, canela, Canela fedida, louro babão, massaranduba branca, laurel mayor, negrillo