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Term	Definition
Style head	The expanded distal part of the style, including the stigma, in some species of Apocynaceae. Same as clavuncle.
Style oblique	Slanting from the verticle.
Style umbonate	Same as ovary summit umbonate.
Styloid	Slender and pointed, needlelike.
Stylopodium	An enlargement at the base of the style as in some species of Apiaceae and Lamiaceae.
Sub-	A prefix meaning “below,” “less than,” or “subordinate.”
Subclass	A unit of classification, a subdivision of a class; e.g., the Magnoliidae and Asteridae are two of the six subclasses of the class Magnoliopsida, according to the system of Cronquist (1981).
Submerged	A structure, such as a vein, emeshed in the tissue in which it occurs to such an extent that it is not visibile; usually referring to leaf veins that are not visible and not projecting above the surface of the leaf blade.
Suborbiculate	A suborbiculate shape is widest at the middle and possesses a length to width ratio of greater than 1.2:1 to 1.5:1. Based on Hickey (1973). For more information about leaf morphology and leaf architecture see Ellis et al. (2009).
Subshrub	A plant that is intermediate between a herb and a shrub and slightly woody only at the base; a perennial plant woody only at the base. Same as suffrutex.
Subsidiary cells	Epidermal cells that surround stomates and are different in shape, size, or position from other epidermal cells.
Subsidiary cells	Epidermal cells that surround stomates and are different in shape, size, or position from other epidermal cells.
Subspecies (abbreviated subsp. or ssp.)	A taxonomic rank just below species and above variety; e.g., Heliconia acuminata subsp. acuminate (Heliconiaceae). Same as ssp.
Subsuperior ovary	A type of inferior ovary in which the sepals, petals, and stamens do not arise clearly from the apex but instead appear to arise from lower down on the ovary.
Subulate	Awl-shaped.
Succulent	Fleshy and juicy, many species of Cactaceae and some species of Euphorbiaceae are succulent.
Sucker	A secondary shoot arising from the base of a tree or shrub or from the bases of many monocots. Same as sprout which is the prefered term.
Suffrutescent	Adjectival form of suffrutex.
Suffrutex (plural = suffrutices)	A plant that is intermediate between a herb and a shrub and slightly woody only at the base; a perennial plant woody only at the base. Same as subshrub.
Sulcado	Surcado o con hendiduras; por ejemplo, el tronco de algunas especies de Aspidosperma (Apocynaceae). Equivalente a acanalado. A una escala menor, se podría referir a los surcos del hipantio de una flor, como a aquellos dispuestos verticalmente, abajo de entre los lóbulos del cáliz de Lecythis mesophylla
Sulcate	Furrowed or grooved.
Sulcate	Furrowed or grooved; e.g., the trunk of some species of Aspidosperma (Apocynaceae). On a larger scale same as fluted. On a smaller scale, it may refer to groves of the seed of Elaeagnus bullatum or those extend downward from between the calyx-lobes of Lecythis mesophylla.
Sulcate hypanthium	Refers to a hypanthium that is furrowed or grooved.
Sulcus (plural = sulci)	A furrow or groove.
Superior ovary	An ovary of a hypogynous or perigynous flower in which the sepals, petals, and stamens arise from beneath or around the ovary (= hypogynous) or from the rim of a hypanthium (=perigynous).
Superposed	One structure placed over another.
Supervolute	Referring to a type of leaf vernation in which the blade margins are unequally inrolled adaxially such that one of the margins overlaps the other. Compare with involute.
Supra adjacent secondary vein	Referring to the relationship of two secondary veins, in this case referring to a secondary vein that is above another (i.e., in a apical or distal position in relationship to the other).
Supracalycine zone	The area between the calycine ring and the line of opercular dehiscence in a dehiscent-fruited Lecythidaceae.
Supracalycine zone erect	The supracalycine zone goes straight up from the calycine ring to the opercular rim.
Supracalycine zone tapered	The supracalycine zone of the fruit tapers to the opercular rim.
Suprafoliar	Referring to a structure that arises above the leaves
Suprafoliar inflorescence	Referring to an inflorescences that arises from above the leaves.
Suprafoliar inflorescence	Referring to an inflorescences that arises from above the leaves.
Suprafolilar	Referring to a structure that occurs above the leaves
Supraxillary	Arising from above the axial.
Suture	A line of fusion (e.g., the valves of the carpels of an ovary) or a line of dehiscence (e.g., the lines along which anthers or fruits open).
Syconium (plural = syconia)	A hollow, fruitlike receptacle lined by tiny achenes, the characteristic inflorescence of figs (Ficus spp., Moraceae). Also called figs.
Symbiosis (symbiotic)	Referring to two organisms that live together in what can be beneficial to both organisms (mutualism) or beneficial to one and harmful to the other (e.g., parasitism).
Symbiotic	Referring to two different organisms living together in close association and benefiting from that association; e.g., mycorhizzal associations between fungi and plants are symbiotic as well as are ants living in the domatia of Tococa guianensis.
Symmetric	Referring to a structure that can be divided into mirror-image halves. This and its associated terms are usually, but not exclusively, applied to flowers. Opposite of asymmetric; compare with actinomorphic and zygomorphic.
Symmetric flower	Same as actinomorphic flower.
Sympatric	Referring to species that have overlapping geographic ranges.
Sympetalous corolla	Having petals united for at least part of their length. Same as gamopetalous; opposite of polypetalous and choripetalous.
Sympodial growth	Referring to a branching pattern in which the terminal bud ceases to grow and growth is continued from a lateral bud; e.g., in most arborescent Combretaceae and some orchids. Sympodial growth often gives a zig-zag appearence to the stem or branches.
Synandrium (plural = synandria)	The structure resulting from the cohesion of the anthers of separate male flowers in some Araceae; an androecium with united filaments; e.g., Campanulaceae.
Synandroidium (plural = synandroidia)	A structure formed by the coherence of staminodes of separate flowers in some Araceae.
Synandry (synandrous)	Having united anthers.
Synapomorphic	Referring to a derived feature shared by two or more taxa which is evidence of common ancestry.
Syncarp	A type of multiple fruit resulting from the fusion of numerous ovaries.
Syncephalous	Referring to an inflorescence of fused capitula.
Synflorescence	A number of separate inflorescences clustered such that they appear as a single inflorescence; e.g., in Monotagma spp. (Marantaceae).
Syngynesious anthers	Anthers cohering in a ring; e.g., in the Asteraceae.
Synonym (adj. = synonymous)	A plant name that represents the same species of another name that is valid, e.g., Lecythis minor Jacq. was published in 1763 and subsequently Lecythis elliptica Kunth was published in 1825. By the law of priority, Lecythis elliptica is a synonym of Lecythis minor.
Synsepalous calyx	Having sepals united for at least part of their length. Same as gamosepalous.
Syntype	Any of two or more specimens cited in a species description in which a holotype type was not designated.
Synzoochorous	A type of dispersal in which the diaspore is not ingested but is deliberately carried away from the parent plant by animals, mostly in their mouths, to eat in another place. Includes stomatochorous and dysozoochorous dispersal.
Systematics	The study of diversification of life on earth, both past and present, and the relationships of living things through time, i.e., their evolutionary relationships. Some authors equate systematics and taxonomy where others distinguish the two by limiting systematics to the study of evolutionary relationships and taxonomy to the discovery and description of taxa.
Systematist	A scientist who studies systematics.
T-shaped	Referring to a trichome attached in the middle to a stalk.
Tack-shaped	The form of an operculum that possesses a woody extension from the middle of its interior. The opeculum and its extension appear like a large tack.
Tahuampa	A Spanish term referring to forest growing in areas periodically indundated by alkaline, café au lait-colored water (also called white water).
Taiga	Referring to the coniferous forests extending across much of subarctic North America and Eurasia; also know as boreal forests.
Tanniferous	Containing or yielding tannin.
Tannin	General term for a heterogeneous group of secondary, water-soluble plant compounds derived from phenols that often give a dark appearance to the cells in which they are found.
Taproot	A large primary root, markedly larger than other roots arising from it, that may persist in adult plants and is characteristic of dicots. Compare with fibrous roots.
Taxon (plural = taxa)	A taxonomic unit regardless of rank, such as family, genus, or species.
Taxonomist	A scientist who studies taxonomy.
Taxonomy	The sudy and description of variation of organisms and the subsequent classification and naming of that variation. Some authors equate systematics and taxonomy whereas others distinguish the two by limiting systematics to the study of evolutionary relationships and taxonomy to the discovery and description of taxa.
Teca	Es la cámara de una antera en la que se produce el polen
Tendril	Coiled or spring-like extensions of a stem, stipules, leaves, part of a leaf, inflorescence that assist in climbing into shrubs and trees. Common iin Bignoniaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Passifloraceae, Sapindaceae, Vitaceae, and other plant families.
Tendril at right angle	Referring to a tendrial that arises at a right angle to the leaf, e.g., species of Cucurbitaceae.
Tendril axillary	A tendril that arise in the axil of a leaf blade, e.g., species of Passiflora.
Tendril leaf opposed	A tendril that arises opposite the insertion of a leaf; for example, Parthenocissus quinquefolia and many othe species of Vitaceae.
Tendrillate	Bearing tendrils or tendril-like structures.

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