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Term	Definition
Hyaline	Very thin almost to the point of being colorless and transparent; often applied to leaf, sepal, or petal margins.
Hybrid (hybridization)	The result of a cross between genetically dissimilar individuals, most commonly referring to crosses between two different species.
Hydathode	A structural modification, usually in leaves, that permits the release of water through an opening in the epidermis.
Hydrophobic	Not combining or mixing well with water; e.g., the pollen grains of Cymodoceaceae.
Hydropote	In the Myrsinaceae, a multicellular, epidermal structure, often of leaves, serving for the absorption of water and mineral salts. When young, hydropotes consist of a basal stalk and a group of cap cells, but at maturity the superficial structure breaks off and the remaining depression often regulates water as a hydathode.
Hygrochastic	Referring to a type of plant movement caused by the absorption of water; e.g., the opening of capsular fruits as the result of taking in moisture from the air.
Hygroscopic	Readily taking up and retaining moisture; structures sometimes change in position as a result of alternating gain and loss of water.
Hypanthium	A floral tube made up of fused parts of the perianth and sometimes including receptacular tissue. The tube may be free from the ovary as in perigynous flowers or it may be fused to the ovary as in epignynous flowers.
Hypanthium	A floral tube made up of fused parts of the perianth and sometimes including receptacular tissue. The tube may be free from the ovary as in perigynous flowers or it may be fused to the ovary as in epignynous flowers.
Hypha (plural = hyphae)	The filaments of a fungus that combine to form the above ground mushroom and the below ground part of the fungus, the latter are analagous to the roots of vascular plants. In a mycorrhizal relationship, the hyphae attach to roots of plants and mediate the movement of carbohydrates to the fungus and minerals from the fungus to the plant.
Hypocarp	The swollen pedicel that subtends the fruit of Anacardium (Anacardiaceae). Also called the cashew apple.
Hypochile	The basal portion of a complex lip in Orchidaceae.
Hypocotyl	The part of the main axis of a seed embryo or a very young seedling found below the cotyledonary node.
Hypocotyl	The part of the main axis of a seed embryo (or a very young seedling) found below the cotyledonary node. The roots grow from the hypocotyl.
Hypocrateriform	Referring to the shape of a sympetalous corolla in which the tube is slender and the lobes are abruptly spreading and flat. Same as salverform which is preferred over hypocrateriform.
Hypogeal germination	A type of seed germination in which the cotyledons are retained below the ground.
Hypogeous fruits	Immature fruits that penetrate the ground where they develop to maturity, the best examples are the hypogeous fruits of the peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and other legumes.
Hypogynium	A disc or cuplike structure below the ovary of some Cyperaceae.
Hypogynous bristle	Hairlike filaments arising from the base of the achene in some species of Cyperaceae.
Hypogynous ovary	Referring to a flower in which 1) the sepals, petals, and stamens are free from one another and arise from beneath the ovary, e.g., the flowers of Ranunculaceae or 2) bristles or other structures as well as stamens arise from below the ovary, e.g., the bristles of some species of Cyperaceae and the modified bracts of species of Poaceae. Compare with epigynous and perigynous.
Hypopeltate anther	Referring to an anther with the filament attached above the base and with the part of the anther that is prolonged downward facing away from the center of the flower.
Icthyochory (icthyochorous)	Referring to the process by which diaspores are moved from one place to the other (dispersed) by fish. Same as fish seed dispersal.
Igapó	A Portuguese term referring to forest growing in areas periodically indundated by acidic, black-colored water (also called white water).
Igapó	A Portuguese term referring to forest growing in areas periodically indundated by acidic, black-colored water (also called white water). See Prance (1979) for more information about forests subjected to inundation in Amazonia. See Prance (1979) for more information about forests subjected to inundation in Amazonia.
Imbibition lid	In the Cannaceae, a lid on the raphe of the seed that covers a pore through which water passes into the seed.
Imbricate	Referring to a type of aestivation in which the sepals or petals overlap at the adjacent edges or to the overlapping leaf bases as found in some species of Bromeliaceae.
Imbricate-contorted aestivation	A type of aestivation in which one edge of the structure (e.g., a petal) is above and the other below the structure on each side of it.
Immersed	Embedded in the substance of a structure. Compare with impressed.
Imparipinnada	Se refiere a una hoja compuesta que posee un foliolo impar en la porción distal. Comparar con paripinnada
Imparipinnate leaf	Pinnate with an uneven number of leaflets, i.e., with a terminal leaflet. Same as odd pinnate.
Imperfect flower	Referring to a flower that possesses only male (= staminate flower) or female (= pistillate flower) flowers .
Impressed	Sunk below the surface as if pressed in; e.g., some leaf veins in relation to the rest of the leaf surface. Compare with immersed.
Impressed	Sunken below the surface as if pressed in; e.g., some leaf or seed veins in relation to the rest of the leaf or seed surfaces.
in Author	The publication of a name by one author(s) in a larger work published by another or other author(s).
Inaperturate	Without openings, often used to refer to pollen grains without pores.
Incerta sedis	Referring to a taxon whose relationships are not known with certainty.
Included	Not protruding from a structure, such as the stamens from the corolla. Opposite of exserted.
Incomplete flower	A flower with at least one of the whorls of floral parts missing; i.e., calyx, corolla, stamen(s), or gynoecium. Compare with complete flower.
Incross	In flowering plants, the production of viable seed by the movement of pollen from one flower to another flower of the same plant..
Indehiscent	Not opening; usually applied to fruits that remain closed at maturity. Opposite of dehiscent.
Indehiscent fruit	Referring to a fruit that does not open via an operculum.
Indeterminada	Se refiere a las inflorescencias cuyos ejes principales poseen un crecimiento continuo, es decir, no terminan en una flor; por ejemplo, un racimo, una espiga. Este término también se aplica a las hojas compuestas de Guarea Meliaceae, en las que el ápice del raquis puede seguir creciendo
Indeterminate	Referring to an inflorescences whose main axis continues to grow; i.e., is not terminated by a flower (e.g., a raceme); referring to the compound leaf of Guarea (Meliaceae) in which the tip of the rachis has the potential to continue growing.
Indeterminate inflorescence	Referring to an inflorescences whose main axis continues to grow; i.e., is not terminated by a flower (e.g., a raceme or spike); also referring to the compound leaf of Guarea (Meliaceae) in which the tip of the rachis has the potential to continue growing
Index Herbariorum	a href="https://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/"Index Herbariorum/a (the abbreviation is IH) provides codes (called acronyms) for the herbaria of the world with more than 5,000 specimens. In addition, it gives the essential information about the number of specimens, important collections, a list of staff, and a summary of the specialties of the herbaria and their staff. The IH is published electronically which enables updating the information periodically and allows for the data to be retrieved through searches. For example, assume that a user wanted to find out if there were specialists in Sapotaceae, he or she could type the family name into the specialty box and Sapotaceae specialists in all registered herbaria will be listed. The current manager of IH is Dr. Barbara Thiers, the Director Emerita of the Herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden. Please contact bthiers@nybg.org for all IH inquiries.
Indument	A covering of trichomes.
Indumento	Una cubierta de tricomas
Induplicate	In Arecaceae, referring to leaflets that are V-or trough-shaped in transverse section with the apex of the V pointing downward, e.g., in the leaflets of date palms (Phoenix dactylifera). Opposite of reduplicate.
Indurate	Hard.
Indusium (plural = indusia)	Usually referring to the protective covering of the sporangia of some ferns, but sometimes used to refer to other structures; e.g., the stylar outgrowth of species of Goodeniaceae.

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